Research note: The educational gradient of divorce in the Czech Republic during the late post-socialist transition

Objective: This study aims to describe the educational gradient and the role of educational homogamy in divorce risk in the Czech Republic. Background: The Czech Republic underwent a social transformation in the 1990s, which resulted in a significant change in many demographic trends. In contrast, the divorce trend seems to have been less affected. My aim is to describe the evolution of the patterns of the educational gradient of divorce during the late phase of the post-communist transformation. Method: Register data on marriages contracted in 1995, 2000, and 2005 were supplemented with divorce register records up to 2020. Besides the duration of the marriage, the data contains information on the education, age, and marital status of both partners at the time of marriage. The Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox regression are used for the analysis. Results: The risk of divorce is substantially higher for the less educated, and this holds across all three marriage cohorts observed here. Homogamous marriages are not the most stable ones. From an individual's perspective, marriage with a more educated partner shows the highest stability. Conclusion: This analysis confirmed the stability of the negative educational gradient of marriages contracted during the late phase of the post-communist transition period in the Czech Republic. It refutes the notion that the higher relative education of the woman or man in the couple destabilises partnerships.Fragestellung: Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den Bildungsgradienten und die Rolle der Bildungshomogamie in Scheidungen in der Tschechischen Republik zu beschreiben. Hintergrund: Die Tschechische Republik durchlief einen sozialen Wandel in den 1990ern, was eine signifikante Änderung in vielen demographischen Trends zur Folge hatte. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen die Scheidungstrends weniger beeinflusst zu sein. Mein Ziel ist es, die Entwicklungen in den Mustern des Bildungsgradienten von Scheidungen während der späten Phase des post-kommunistischen Wandels zu beschreiben. Methode: Registerdaten über Eheschließungen in den Jahren 1995, 2000, und 2005 wurden mit Scheidungsregisterdaten bis einschließlich 2020 ergänzt. Die Daten enthalten Informationen zur Dauer der Ehe, Bildung, Alter und Familienstatus beider Partner zum Zeitpunkt der Ehe. Die Kaplan-Meier-Kurve und die Cox-Regression wurden für die Analyse genutzt. Ergebnisse: Das Risiko einer Scheidung ist erheblich höher für weniger gebildete Menschen und das zeigt sich in allen drei Ehekohorten. Homogame Ehen sind nicht die stabilsten. Aus der Perspektive eines Individuums, sind die Ehen mit einem höher gebildeteren Partner am stabilsten. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Analyse bestätigte die Stabilität der negativen Bildungsgradienten von Ehen, die geschlossen wurden, während der späten Phase des post-kommunistischen Wandels in der Tschechischen Republik. Dies entkräftet die Ansicht, dass die höhere relative Bildung von der Frau oder des Mannes in der Beziehung, die Partnerschaft destabilisiert

Public Attitudes Toward Shared Custody : The Czech Republic

In the beginning of the existence of divorce as a social institution, parenthood was not as deeply problematized as the moral aspects of the partnership. In contrast, current public and scientific debates are most frequently involved in the questions of the impact of divorce on the children. Shared custody can be understood as a result of this cultural shift. The knowledge about public attitudes toward this topic and its social differentiation is limited. This study presents a unique source of data on shared custody attitudes from EVS (European Values Study) and CHPS (Czech Household Panel Survey) surveys conducted recently in the Czech Republic. The results show there is a substantive distinction between the attitudes of men and women and that the acceptance of shared custody is higher in younger age groups. No differences according to the social and economic status of respondents and their family backgrounds were found. Concerning the broader attitudinal contingency, we found no relationship between egalitarian gender attitudes and the acceptance of shared custody, but conservative attitudes toward divorce consequences increase the acceptance of shared custody.In the beginning of the existence of divorce as a social institution, parenthood was not as deeply problematized as the moral aspects of the partnership. In contrast, current public and scientific debates are most frequently involved in the questions of the impact of divorce on the children. Shared custody can be understood as a result of this cultural shift. The knowledge about public attitudes toward this topic and its social differentiation is limited. This study presents a unique source of data on shared custody attitudes from EVS (European Values Study) and CHPS (Czech Household Panel Survey) surveys conducted recently in the Czech Republic. The results show there is a substantive distinction between the attitudes of men and women and that the acceptance of shared custody is higher in younger age groups. No differences according to the social and economic status of respondents and their family backgrounds were found. Concerning the broader attitudinal contingency, we found no relationship between egalitarian gender attitudes and the acceptance of shared custody, but conservative attitudes toward divorce consequences increase the acceptance of shared custody

Sediment conveyor

Předmětem této diplomové práce je konstrukční návrh vyhrnovacího dopravníku. Dopravník slouží k úplnému vyprázdnění kalového zásobníku, který se nachází v čistírně odpadních vod. Navržená konstrukce musí splňovat předepsané funkční požadavky a parametry. Součástí řešení jsou také potřebné analytické a MKP výpočty.The subject of this diploma thesis is engineering design of the sediment conveyer. Conveyer is instrumental to total emptying of sediment silo that is situated in a sewage treatment plant. Proposed construction has to fulfill the specified functional requirements and parameters. Parts of solution are also necessary analytical and FEM calculations.

The Use of Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing Methods for the Determination of the Compressive Strength of Concrete

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá rešerší tvrdoměrných metod, jejich principů a druhů použitých přístrojů pro nedestruktivní tvrdoměrné měření včetně nejnovějších přístrojů a jejich popisu. Jsou popsány základní vztahy mezi tvrdostí a pevností a také postupy pro získání pevnosti betonu v tlaku v konstrukci. Je zpracován přehled metodik zkoušení podle dvou normativních přístupů zpracování a vyhodnocení. V experimentální části se práce zabývá měřením na betonových dílcích pomocí přístrojů OriginalSchmidt typ N, SilverSchmidt typ N a SilverSchmidt typ L, zkoušek pevnosti betonu v tlaku na jádrových vývrtech a tvorby regresních závislostí z těchto hodnot.This thesis deals with the summary of hardness test methods, their principles and types of devices used for nondestructive measurement of hardness test, including the latest devices and their description. It describes the basic relationship between hardness and compressive strength as well as procedures for obtaining the compressive strength of concrete in the structure. It provides an overview of testing methods by two normative approaches of processing and evaluation. The experimental part deals with the measurement on concrete parts using devices OriginalSchmidt type N, SilverSchmidt type N and SilverSchmidt type L, testing concrete compressive strength on cores and development of regression curve of these values.

Sociální participace ve vyšším věku ve vztahu k partnerské dráze

Jak se současná nestabilita a rozmanitost rodinných forem v budoucnu promítne do podoby blízkých sociálních vztahů ve stáří? V textu hledám odpověď na otázku, jak rozdílná podoba partnerských drah ovlivňuje rozsah sociální participace ve vyšším věku. Konkrétně mě zajímá, zda lidé, kteří zažili během svého života rozvod (a rozlišuji, zda jej zažili v relativně mladším, středním, či vyšším věku z hlediska rozložení rozvodovosti) vykazují odlišnosti v trávení času sociálně participačními aktivitami (především kontaktem s rodinou, přáteli, známými, dětmi, vnoučaty). Jako zdroj dat slouží panelové šetření Dynamika změny v české společnosti, zejména jeho unikátní součást, jíž jsou deníky trávení času. Z celkového vzorku respondentů, kteří denní záznam vyplnili, analyzuji odpovědi respondentů ve věku 60 a více let. Stanovené hypotézy o nižší úrovni sociální participace lidí, kteří zažili rozvod a o silnějším negativním vlivu pozdního rozvodu nejsou v souladu s daty. Ukazuje se, že rozsah sociální participace měřený časovými snímky je srovnatelný bez ohledu na partnerskou dráhu a pozici rozvodu v ní. Tyto výsledky v závěru diskutuji mimo jiné ve vztahu ke kritice příliš negativního paradigmatu zkoumání rozvodovosti v sociálních vědách.How will the instability and diversity of family forms today impact the nature of people’s close social relationships in the future when they are older? In this article I examine how the social participation of older adults is impacted by their different partnership histories. I am particularly interested in whether there are any differences in the social participation (activities involving contact with family, friends, acquaintances, children, grandchildren) of people who experienced divorce in life (I use a decomposition of the divorce rate to distinguish between those who had this experience when they were relatively young, middle-aged, or older). The data source for this analysis is the panel survey ‘Dynamics of Change in Czech Society’ and especially one unique component of the survey, which are the diaries on how people spend their time. Out of the total sample of respondents who maintained daily diary entries, I analyse the responses of those over the age of 60. The hypotheses that a lower level of social participation would be observed among people who had experienced divorced and that divorcing later in life would have a stronger negative effect on social participation are not confirmed by the data. The level of social participation measured using time-use diaries is found to be comparable across different partnership histories and irrespective of when in life a person gets divorced. In the conclusion of the article, I discuss these findings in a criticism of the overly negative paradigm that governs research on divorce in the social sciences

Partnership Satisfaction and Conflict among Czech Couples during the Pandemic-related Employment Insecurity

It can be reasonably assumed that the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have taken a toll on family and interpersonal relationships. Previous research has established that job insecurity and financial hardship lead to reduced relationship quality and a higher incidence of partner conflicts. Our goal is to investigate the dynamics of partnership satisfaction and partnership conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic among Czech couples, focusing on pandemic-related employment change and perceived job insecurity. We use longitudinal panel data from “Czech GGS COVID pilot study”, which was conducted in December 2020, and from a follow-up survey organized in April 2021. Our results show that the immediate effects of economic hardship during the pandemic were not as strong and uniform as we expected. Many families apparently had the resources to bear the economic impacts of COVID-19 in terms of maintaining subjective relationship quality and curbing conflict between spouses. The most important conclusion worth further investigation is the gendered nature of these mechanisms. There are contradictory, gender-specific associations hidden under the weak total effects. This suggests that the perception of family life could be very different for men and women in relation to economic circumstances.It can be reasonably assumed that the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have taken a toll on family and interpersonal relationships. Previous research has established that job insecurity and financial hardship lead to reduced relationship quality and a higher incidence of partner conflicts. Our goal is to investigate the dynamics of partnership satisfaction and partnership conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic among Czech couples, focusing on pandemic-related employment change and perceived job insecurity. We use longitudinal panel data from “Czech GGS COVID pilot study”, which was conducted in December 2020, and from a follow-up survey organized in April 2021. Our results show that the immediate effects of economic hardship during the pandemic were not as strong and uniform as we expected. Many families apparently had the resources to bear the economic impacts of COVID-19 in terms of maintaining subjective relationship quality and curbing conflict between spouses. The most important conclusion worth further investigation is the gendered nature of these mechanisms. There are contradictory, gender-specific associations hidden under the weak total effects. This suggests that the perception of family life could be very different for men and women in relation to economic circumstances

Water Quality of Agricultural Drainage Systems in the Czech Republic — Options for Its Improvement

Hydrology & the hydrospher