Optimization of embryogenic-callus induction and embryogenesis of Glycyrrhiza glabra

Glabridin is a major biologically active flavonoid isolated specifically from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, which has many pharmacological activities. The production of the wild G. glabra was sharply decreased due to immoderate and ruinous utilization. In vitro regeneration via somatic embryogenesis is important for clonal propagation and genetic transformation. In this paper, factors affecting the embryogenic calli and embryo induction, maintenance and multiplication of G. glabra are assessed. The results showed that the explants of hypocotyl give the highest calli formation frequency of 93.3% on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.5 mg/L 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The maximum efficiency of embryo were obtained on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L kinetin zeatin (KT) + 0.1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); the embryos could develop further on medium with 1000 mg/L malt extract (ME). The occurrence of the embryogenic calli and proglobular embryo were studied by histological section, indicating the single cell origin of the embryogensis of G. glabra. With the protocol reported herein, some green embryo-like cultures were obtained, from which shoots were successfully regenerated in the germinated medium after 10 months of subculture.Keywords: Glycyrrhiza glabra L., callus induction, embryogenesis, cell culture, histological sectionAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5823-5829, 6 September, 201

Comparative study for some natural products between two species of Anoectochilus genus tissue culture and wild

Anoectochilus genus is epiphytic Orchid used as traditional medicine. Chemical components and pharmacology have been studied in recent 15 years. Medicinal orchid, in general, is not subjected to detailed pharmacological studies. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the concentration of bioactive compounds between wild and in vitro propagated Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus. A wide range of chemical compounds are presented including  flavonoids, steroids and oil violate which have been isolated recently from these  species. Extract and metabolite of these  plants, particularly from whole plant , possess useful pharmacological activities .A comprehensive account of chemical constituents and biological activities is presented and a critical appraisal of the ethno pharmacological issues . these species orchid have been empirically used for treatment of different diseases . The results show that the flavonoid, steroid and essential oil contents in three fields were (tissue culture ,after three months and after 6 months in wild) for each species which regarding tissue culture (flavonoid ,steroids and oil essential ) In A.roxiburghii, the flavonoid contents were (2%,0.9%,6.5%),steroids contents(0.003%,0.007%.0.01%) and the oil essential contents (0.05%,0.3%,0.18%) where as for A.formosanus flavenoid contents (6%, 1.05%,6%) steroids contents(0.2,0.005,0.2)% and the oil essential contents (0.1,0.18,0.17)