Neutrinos from Fallback onto Newly Formed Neutron Stars

In the standard supernova picture, type Ib/c and type II supernovae are powered by the potential energy released in the collapse of the core of a massive star. In studying supernovae, we primarily focus on the ejecta that makes it beyond the potential well of the collapsed core. But, as we shall show in this paper, in most supernova explosions, a tenth of a solar mass or more of the ejecta is decelerated enough that it does not escape the potential well of that compact object. This material falls back onto the proto-neutron star within the first 10-15 seconds after the launch of the explosion, releasing more than 1e52erg of additional potential energy. Most of this energy is emitted in the form of neutrinos and we must understand this fallback neutrino emission if we are to use neutrino observations to study the behavior of matter at high densities. Here we present both a 1-dimensional study of fallback using energy-injected, supernova explosions and a first study of neutrino emission from fallback using a suite of 2-dimensional simulations.Comment: 30 pages (including 10 figures), submitted to ApJ, comments welcom

Compact Remnant Mass Function: Dependence on the Explosion Mechanism and Metallicity

The mass distribution of neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes provides vital clues into the nature of stellar core collapse and the physical engine responsible for supernova explosions. Using recent advances in our understanding of supernova engines, we derive mass distributions of stellar compact remnants. We provide analytical prescriptions for compact object masses for major population synthesis codes. In an accompanying paper, Belczynski et al., we demonstrate that these qualitatively new results for compact objects can explain the observed gap in the remnant mass distribution between ~2-5 solar masses and that they place strong constraints on the nature of the supernova engine. Here, we show that advanced gravitational radiation detectors (like LIGO/VIRGO or the Einstein Telescope) will be able to further test the supernova explosion engine models once double black hole inspirals are detected.Comment: 37 pages with 16 figures, submitted to Ap

\u3ci\u3eThe Center of the World\u3c/i\u3e

A body of water is often seen as a serene place of relaxation, but just under the surface, aquatic life bustle around. This creative narrative will spark your imagination into having you believe that you are placed in the shoes of a wandering student as you encounter this great entity, known as the Bryant Pond. This journey will allow you to free your mind, and let it wander as you get lost in your own imagination. Have you ever wondered how certain things came to be, such as out-of-place objects in an environment that could have naturalistically been put there, but has a very small probability of actually being real nature? The Bryant Pond is located at the center of the university campus, and is an eye-catcher as you meander around. The pond acts as a waypoint for students, allowing them to navigate the campus with ease. Surrounding the pond are various forms of the environment, ranging from trees, to grass, to weeds and reeds around the perimeter of the pond. Since the pond is a secluded area inside of the campus, how did aquatic marine life come to be in this sort of environment with no connecting bodies of water? This would allow nothing to get in or out, unless an outside factor was to come into play. Fish swim around in the pond, and that draws the question on how they got there since there are no bodies of water connecting. Birds could have been the primary individuals that caused the influx of these marine creatures through transporting eggs in their feathers, or us humans could have planted them there to reconstruct a replica pond. Knowing and “Understanding the way that fish are dispersed in remote bodies of water is important for the maintenance of biodiversity”[1], and it can expand the wildlife that lives on Bryant’s campus. Maybe the bigger question is, what relationship do we have with the environment, and what do we do to appreciate what it has provided for us? [1] “Dispersal of Fish Eggs by Water Birds – Just a Myth?” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, February 19, 2018. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180219103258.htm

Model based study of autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) processes : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Engineering and Automation of Massey University

An Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion process, or ATAD process, is a relatively new sewage sludge treatment process. The ATAD process has been developed for the disinfection and stabilisation of sewage sludge, which is a by-product of wastewater treatment. The end product can be applied to the land as a soil additive or fertiliser with no restrictions, as the process dramatically reduces public health and environmental risks. The process is comparable to the composting process used for municipal solid waste and garden wastes. The process requires oxygen, usually in the form of air, to be applied to the sludge by an aeration system. The oxygen stimulates an exothermic biochemical reaction, which in turn heats the sludge up to thermophilic temperatures (between 50 and 65°C). At these temperatures the pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites in the sludge that are harmful to human health are effectively destroyed. The biochemical reaction also degrades a large portion of the organic sludge, which means that unstable, volatile odour generating substances are removed; this reduces the likelihood of smells and the attraction of flies and rodents (vector attraction) to the sludge.[FROM INTRODUCTION

The atyid prawns of Dominica

The family of primitive prawns, Atyidae, are freshwater animals with a circumtropical distribution, but additionally some have penetrated into temperate regions. An intriguing aspect of their distribution is that, although they are, and have long been, freshwater crustaceans, they have succeeded in colonizing many oceanic islands. The West Indies is an area of interest, as representatives of several genera sometimes occur on one island. For its size, Dominica is particularly rich in this respect. The fauna of the island includes the most primitive living atyid (a West Indian endemic, Xiphocaris elongata) and 2 representatives of the most advanced genus, Atya. Each of the other 3 spp belongs to a separate genus. The feeding behaviour of the Dominican atyids is discussed in this article

Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic system for blood flow measurements

System consisting of solid state electronics package and a pair of standard flow-transducer cuffs is useful in cardiovascular studies. Device shows good zero stability and calibrations, and low noise levels