Особенности интернет-маркетинга в России

This article is devoted to the study of Internet marketing in Russia. The article describes the main features of the Internet - marketing in Russia, elements of e-business. Ebusiness is a part of the contemporary information world and it helps all spheres of business from b2b, to c2c. The article reviews basic elements of internet-marketing as part of informational phenomenon. Данная статья посвящена интернет маркетингу в России. В статье рассмотрены основные особенности интернет - маркетинга в России, элементы электронного бизнеса. Электронный бизнес как часть современного информационного мира становится востребованным во всех сферах бизнеса от b2b, до с2с. В статье рассматриваются основные черты интернет маркетинга как информационного феномена

Volume regulation and renal function at high altitude across gender.

We investigated changes in volume regulating hormones and renal function at high altitudes and across gender.Included in this study were 28 subjects (n = 20 males; n = 8 females. ages: 19 - 65 yrs), who ascended to a height of 3440m (HA1), on the 3rd day and to 5050m (HA2), on the 14th day. Plasma and urinary creatinine and urinary osmolality as well as plasma levels of plasma renin activity (PRA), Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured. The plasma volume loss (PVL) was estimated from plasma density and hematocrit. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured based on nocturnal (9 hour) creatinine clearance; this was compared with various methods for estimation of GFR.The mean 24-hour urine production increased significantly in both sexes across the expedition. But PVL reached significance only in males. No changes in Na+ in plasma, urine or its fractional excretion were seen at both altitudes. Urinary osmolality decreased upon ascent to the higher altitudes. ADH and PRA decreased significantly at both altitudes in males but only at HA2 in females. However, no changes in aldosterone were seen across the sexes and at different altitudes. ANP increased significantly only in males during the expedition. GFR, derived from 9-h creatinine clearance (CreaCl), decreased in both sexes at HA1 but remained stable at HA2. Conventional Crea[p]-based GFR estimates (eGFR) showed only poor correlation to CreaCl.We report details of changes in hormonal patterns across high altitude sojourn. To our knowledge we are not aware of any study that has examined these hormones in same subjects and across gender during high altitude sojourn. Our results also suggest that depending on the estimation formula used, eGFR underestimated the observed decrease in renal function measured by CreaCl, thus opening the debate regarding the use of estimated glomerular filtration rates at high altitudes

Primary Growth Hormone (GH) Insensitivity and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Deficiency Caused by Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations of the GH Receptor Gene: Genetic and Functional Studies of Simple and Compound Heterozygous States

International audienceContext: Primary GH insensitivity (GHI) or Laron syndrome, caused by mutations of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, has a clinical phenotype of postnatal growth failure associated with normal elevated serum concentrations of GH and low serum levels of IGF-I.Objective: We investigated the clinical and biochemical implications of molecular defects in the GHR gene in an Austrian family with two daughters who were GHI.Patients: Patient 1 [height, -4.8 sd score (SDS)] and patient 2 (height, -5.0 SDS) had elevated circulating levels of GH, low-normal levels of GH-binding protein, and abnormally low IGF-I (-5.0 SDS and -2.6 SDS, respectively) and IGF-binding protein-3 (-2.6 SDS and -2.0 SDS, respectively).Results: Both patients carry novel compound, missense, heterozygous GHR mutations, C94S and H150Q. In vitro reconstitution experiments demonstrated that whereas each of the mutants could be stably expressed, GHR(C94S) lost its affinity for GH and could neither activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5b nor drive STAT5b-dependent gene transcription in response to GH (1-100 ng/ml). GHR(H150Q) showed normal affinity for GH but impaired capacity for signal transduction. The compound heterozygote and C94S heterozygote, but not the H150Q heterozygote, showed significant deficiency in activating GH-induced gene expression, corroborating diminished GH-induced STAT5b activation in fibroblasts carrying GHR(C94S) as either a compound heterozygote (in the patients) or a simple heterozygote (in one parent).Conclusions: Each of the compound heterozygous mutations contributed additively to the pathological condition seen in the patients, and the more detrimental of the two mutations, C94S, may cause (partial) primary GHI, even in a heterozygous state

Anthropometric measurements and resting hemodynamic variables at baseline, at HA1 and at HA2.

<p>Anthropometric measurements and resting hemodynamic variables at baseline, at HA1 and at HA2.</p

Comparing absolute 9-h-creatinine clearance (CreaCl) with estimated values of the GFR using formulae postulated by Cockcroft-Gault across gender.

<p>Comparing absolute 9-h-creatinine clearance (CreaCl) with estimated values of the GFR using formulae postulated by Cockcroft-Gault across gender.</p

Urine parameters at different altitudes across gender.

<p>Urine parameters at different altitudes across gender.</p

Selected plasma parameters and volume regulating hormones at different altitudes across gender.

<p>Selected plasma parameters and volume regulating hormones at different altitudes across gender.</p