707 research outputs found
A New Approach to Accessibility – Perceived accessibility versus objectively measured accessibility in daily travel
Accessibility has conventionally been measured and evaluated ignoring the user-perspective in favor for focus on travel time and distance to a number of pre-determined destinations. Acknowledging this gap, we recently developed a scale for perceived accessibility PAC (Lättman, Friman, & Olsson 2016) aimed at capturing the individual perspective of accessibility within a certain travel mode. In this paper, we 1) further develop the PAC measure of perceived accessibility in order to capture the perceived accessibility of the individuals’ actual daily travel 2) compare residents’ perceived accessibility to the objective accessibility level for the same residential area, and 3) compare levels of perceived accessibility between residential areas and main travel modes. Data from 2711 residents of Malmö, Sweden show that perceived accessibility is consistently higher than objective accessibility across 13 residential areas, with minor differences in levels of perceived accessibility between areas. Surprisingly, bicycle users rate their accessibility significantly higher than those who mainly use the car or public transport for daily travel, contrary to objective accessibility assumptions. These differences point at the importance of including perceived accessibility as a complementary tool when planning for and evaluating the transport systems.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne
Vacuum fluctuations and the thermodynamics of chiral models
We consider the thermodynamics of chiral models in the mean-field
approximation and discuss the relevance of the (frequently omitted) fermion
vacuum loop. Within the chiral quark-meson model and its Polyakov loop extended
version, we show that the fermion vacuum fluctuations can change the order of
the phase transition in the chiral limit and strongly influence physical
observables. We compute the temperature-dependent effective potential and
baryon number susceptibilities in these models, with and without the vacuum
term, and explore the cutoff and the pion mass dependence of the
susceptibilities. Finally, in the renormalized model the divergent vacuum
contribution is removed using the dimensional regularization.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
Vector meson spectral function and dilepton rate in an effective mean field model
We have studied the vector meson spectral function (VMSF) in a hot and dense
medium within an effective QCD model namely the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) and
its Polyakov Loop extended version (PNJL) with and without the effect of
isoscalar vector interaction (IVI). The effect of the IVI has been taken into
account using the ring approximation. We obtained the dilepton production rate
(DPR) using the VMSF and observed that at moderate temperature it is enhanced
in the PNJL model as compared to the NJL and Born rate due to the suppression
of color degrees of freedom.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, conference proceedings of the XXI DAE-BRNS HEP
Symposium, IIT Guwahati, December 2014; to appear in 'Springer Proceedings in
Physics Series
Imaginary polarization as a way to surmount the sign problem in ab initio calculations of spin-imbalanced Fermi gases
From ultracold atoms to quantum chromodynamics, reliable ab initio studies of
strongly interacting fermions require numerical methods, typically in some form
of quantum Monte Carlo calculation. Unfortunately, (non)relativistic systems at
finite density (spin polarization) generally have a sign problem, such that
those ab initio calculations are impractical. It is well-known, however, that
in the relativistic case imaginary chemical potentials solve this problem,
assuming the data can be analytically continued to the real axis. Is this
feasible for nonrelativistic systems? Are the interesting features of the phase
diagram accessible in this manner? By introducing complex chemical potentials,
for real total particle number and imaginary polarization, the sign problem is
avoided in the nonrelativistic case. To give a first answer to the above
questions, we perform a mean-field study of the finite-temperature phase
diagram of spin-1/2 fermions with imaginary polarization.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures; published versio
Neutrino Emission from Superfluid Neutron-Star Cores: Various Types of Neutron Pairing
We calculate and provide analytic fits of the factors which describe the
reduction of the neutrino emissivity of modified Urca and nucleon-nucleon
bremsstrahlung processes by superfluidity of neutrons and protons in
neutron-star cores. We consider S pairing of protons and either
S or P pairing of neutrons. We analyze two types of P
pairing: the familiar pairing with zero projection of the total angular
momentum of neutron pairs onto quantization axis, ; and the pairing with
which leads to the gap with nodes at the neutron Fermi surface.
Combining the new data with those available in the literature we fully describe
neutrino emission by nucleons from neutron star cores to be used in simulations
of cooling of superfluid neutron stars.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, A&A, accepte
Mapping the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter
We employ a conformal mapping to explore the thermodynamics of strongly
interacting matter at finite values of the baryon chemical potential .
This method allows us to identify the singularity corresponding to the critical
point of a second-order phase transition at finite , given information
only at . The scheme is potentially useful for computing thermodynamic
properties of strongly interacting hot and dense matter in lattice gauge
theory. The technique is illustrated by an application to a chiral effective
model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures; published versio
Plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum can rapidly evolve tolerance to antimicrobials produced by Pseudomonas biocontrol bacteria.
Soil-borne plant pathogens significantly threaten crop production due to lack of effective control methods. One alternative to traditional agrochemicals is microbial biocontrol, where pathogen growth is suppressed by naturally occurring bacteria that produce antimicrobial chemicals. However, it is still unclear if pathogenic bacteria can evolve tolerance to biocontrol antimicrobials and if this could constrain the long-term efficacy of biocontrol strategies. Here we used an in vitro experimental evolution approach to investigate if the phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum bacterium, which causes bacterial wilt disease, can evolve tolerance to antimicrobials produced by Pseudomonas bacteria. We further asked if tolerance was specific to pairs of R. solanacearum and Pseudomonas strains and certain antimicrobial compounds produced by Pseudomonas. We found that while all R. solanacearum strains could initially be inhibited by Pseudomonas strains, this inhibition decreased following successive subculturing with or without Pseudomonas supernatants. Using separate tolerance assays, we show that the majority of R. solanacearum strains evolved increased tolerance to multiple Pseudomonas strains. Mechanistically, evolved tolerance was most likely linked to reduced susceptibility to orfamide lipopeptide antimicrobials secreted by Pseudomonas strains in our experimental conditions. Some levels of tolerance also evolved in the control treatments, which was likely correlated response due to adaptations to the culture media. Together, these results suggest that plant-pathogenic bacteria can rapidly evolve increased tolerance to bacterial antimicrobial compounds, which could reduce the long-term efficacy of microbial biocontrol. [Abstract copyright: © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology.
Effective Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction and Fermi Liquid Theory
We present two novel relations between the quasiparticle interaction in
nuclear matter and the unique low momentum nucleon-nucleon interaction in
vacuum. These relations provide two independent constraints on the Fermi liquid
parameters of nuclear matter. Moreover, the new constraints define two
combinations of Fermi liquid parameters, which are invariant under the
renormalization group flow in the particle-hole channels. Using empirical
values for the spin-independent Fermi liquid parameters, we are able to compute
the major spin-dependent ones by imposing the new constraints as well as the
Pauli principle sum rules.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, in Proc. 11th International Conference on Recent
Progress in Many-Body Theories, Manchester, UK, July 9-13, 200
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