120 research outputs found
Non trivial generalizations of the Schwinger pair production result
We present new, non trivial generalizations of the recent Tomaras, Tsamis and
Woodard extension of the original Schwinger formula for charged pair production
in a constant field.Comment: 11 page
Analytic, Non-Perturbative, Gauge-invariant QCD: Nucleon Scattering and Binding Potentials
Removal of the quenched approximation in the mechanism which produced an
analytic estimate of quark-binding potentials, along with a reasonable
conjecture of the color structure of the nucleon formed by such a binding
potential, is shown to generate an effective, nucleon scattering and binding
potential. The mass-scale factor on the order of the pion mass, previously
introduced to define transverse imprecision of quark coordinates, is again
used, while the strength of the potential is proportional to the square of a
renormalized QCD coupling constant. The potential so derived does not include
corrections due to spin, angular momentum, nucleon structure, and electroweak
interactions; rather, it is qualitative in nature, showing how Nuclear Physics
can arise from fundamental QCD.Comment: 25 pages, 3 figures in REVTeX. The fifth of a series on
Non-Perturbative QCD (Eur. Phys. J. C65, 395 (2010) or arXiv:0903.2644
[hep-th], arXiv:1003.2936 [hep-th], arXiv:1103.4179 [hep-th] and
arXiv:1104.4663 [hep-th].
The One Loop Effective Action of QED for a General Class of Electric Fields
We compute the effective action of QED at one loop order for an electric
field which points in the direction and depends arbitrarily upon the
light cone time coordinate, . This calculation
generalizes Schwinger's formula for the vacuum persistence probability in the
presence of a constant electric field.Comment: 9 pages, LaTeX 2 epsilo
A New Approach to Analytic, Non-Perturbative and Gauge-Invariant QCD
Following a previous calculation of quark scattering in eikonal
approximation, this paper presents a new, analytic and rigorous approach to the
calculation of QCD phenomena. In this formulation a basic distinction between
the conventional "idealistic" description of QCD and a more "realistic"
description is brought into focus by a non-perturbative, gauge-invariant
evaluation of the Schwinger solution for the QCD generating functional in terms
of the exact Fradkin representations of the Green's functional and the vacuum
functional. Because quarks exist asymptotically only in bound states, their
transverse coordinates can never be measured with arbitrary precision; the
non-perturbative neglect of this statement leads to obstructions that are
easily corrected by invoking in the basic Lagrangian a probability amplitude
which describes such transverse imprecision.
The second result of this non-perturbative analysis is the appearance of a
new and simplifying output called "Effective Locality", in which the
interactions between quarks by the exchange of a "gluon bundle" - which
"bundle" contains an infinite number of gluons, including cubic and quartic
gluon interactions - display an exact locality property that reduces the
several functional integrals of the formulation down to a set of ordinary
integrals. It should be emphasized that "non-perturbative" here refers to the
effective summation of all gluons between a pair of quark lines, but does not
(yet) include a summation over all closed-quark loops which are tied by
gluon-bundle exchange to the rest of the "Bundle Diagram". As an example of the
power of these methods we offer as a first analytic calculation the
quark-antiquark binding potential of a pion, and the corresponding three-quark
binding potential of a nucleon, obtained in a simple way from relevant eikonal
scattering approximations.Comment: 38 pages, 3 figures in REVTeX. Collections of follow-on work of Eur.
Phys. J. C65, pp. 395-411 (2010). arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:1103.4179, arXiv:1104.4663, arXiv:1003.293
Non-perturbative QCD amplitudes in quenched and eikonal approximations
Even though approximated, strong coupling non-perturbative QCD amplitudes
remain very difficult to obtain. In this article, in eikonal and quenched
approximations, physical insights are presented that rely on the
newly-discovered property of Effective Locality.Comment: Revised version (28 pages and 1 figure in REVTeX). Follow-up work of
Eur. Phys. J. C65, pp. 395-411 (2010), (arXiv:1204.2038 [hep-ph]), and Ann.
Phys. 327, pp. 2666-2690 (2012), (arXiv:1203.6137 [hep-ph]
On the Summation of Feynman Graphs
A functional method to achieve the summation of all Feynman graphs relevant
to a particular Field Theory process is suggested, and applied to QED,
demonstrating manifestly gauge invariant calculations of the dressed photon
propagator in approximations of increas- ing complexity. These lead in a
natural way to the extraction of the leading logarithmic divergences of every
perturbative order, and to a demonstration of the possible cancellation of all
such divergences in the calculation of the (inverse of the) photon's
wavefunction renormalization constant Z3. This analysis provides a qualitative
understanding of why the measured value of the renormalized fine structure
constant is, approximately, 1/137
Gauge Invariant Summation of All QCD Virtual Gluon Exchanges
The interpretation of virtual gluons as ghosts in the non-linear gluonic
structure of QCD permits the formulation and realization of a manifestly
gauge-invariant and Lorentz covariant theory of interacting quarks/anti-quarks,
for all values of coupling. The simplest example of quark/anti-quark scattering
in a high-energy, quenched, eikonal model at large coupling is shown to be
expressible as a set of finite, local integrals which may be evaluated
numerically; and before evaluation, it is clear that the result will be
dependent only on, and is damped by increasing momentum transfer, while
displaying physically-reasonable color dependence in a manner underlying the
MIT Bag Model and an effective, asymptotic freedom. A similar but more
complicated integral will result from all possible gluonic-radiative
corrections to this simplest eikonal model. Our results are compatible with an
earlier, field-strength analysis of Reinhardt et al.Comment: 35 pages, no figure
MODIFICATION BY FRAILTY STATUS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON LUNG FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH STUDY
Older adult susceptibility to air pollution health effects is well-recognized. Advanced age may act as a partial surrogate for conditions associated with aging. The authors investigated whether gerontologic frailty (a clinical health status metric) modified the effects of ambient ozone or particulate matter (PM10) air pollution on lung function in 3382 older adults using 7 years of followup data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and the CHS Environmental Factors Ancillary Study. Monthly average pollution and annual frailty assessments were related to up to 3 repeated measurements of lung function using novel cumulative summaries of pollution and frailty histories that account for duration as well as concentration. Frailty history was found to modify long-term pollution effects on Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). For example, the decrease in FVC associated with a 70 ppb-month increase in the cumulative sum of monthly average O3 exposure was 8.8 mL (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.4, 10.1) for a woman who had spent the prior 7 years prefrail or frail compared to 3.3 mL (95% CI: 2.7, 4.0) for a similar not frail woman (interaction P\u3c0.001)
SURROGATE SCREENING MODELS FOR THE LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CRITERION OF FRAILTY
Background and Aims. Low physical activity, one of five criteria in a validated clinical phenotype of frailty, is assessed by a standardized questionnaire on up to 20 leisure time activities. Because of the time demanded to collect the interview data, it has been challenging to translate to studies other than the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), for which it was developed. Considering subsets of activities, we identified and evaluated streamlined surrogate assessment methods and compared them to one implemented in the Women’s Health and Aging Study (WHAS).
Methods. Using data on men and women ages 65 and older from the CHS, we applied logistic regression models to rank activities by “relative influence” in predicting low physical activity. We considered subsets of the most influential activities as inputs to potential surrogate models (logistic regressions). We evaluated predictive accuracy and predictive validity using the area under receiver operating characteristic curves and assessed criterion validity using proportional hazards models relating frailty status (defined using the surrogate) to mortality.
Results. Walking for exercise and moderately strenuous household chores were highly influential for both genders. Women required fewer activities than men for accurate classification. The WHAS model (8 CHS activities) was an effective surrogate, but a surrogate using 6 activities (walking, chores, gardening, general exercise, mowing and golfing) was also highly predictive.
Conclusions. We recommend a 6 activity questionnaire to assess physical activity for men and women. If efficiency is essential and the study involves only women, fewer activities can be included
Problems with latent class analysis to detect data-driven subtypes of depression
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