Air pollution and its impacts on health in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil

OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto da poluição atmosférica na morbidade respiratória e cardiovascular de crianças e adultos em Vitória. MÉTODOS Foi realizado estudo utilizando modelos de séries temporais via regressão de Poisson a partir de dados de hospitalizações e poluentes em Vitória, ES, de 2001 a 2006. Foram testadas como variáveis independentes o material particulado fino (PM10); o dióxido de enxofre (SO2) e o ozônio (O3) em defasagem simples e acumulada até cinco dias. Introduziu-se temperatura, umidade e variáveis indicadoras dos dias da semana e feriados da cidade como variáveis de controle nos modelos. RESULTADOS Para cada incremento de 10 µg/m3 dos poluentes PM10, SO2 e O3, foram observados aumentos no risco relativo percentual (RR%) para as hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias totais de 9,67 (IC95% 11,84-7,54), 6,98 (IC95% 9,98-4,17) e 1,93 (IC95% 2,95-0,93), respectivamente. Encontrou-se RR% = 6,60 (IC95% 9,53-3,75), RR% = 5,19 (IC95% 9,01-1,5) e RR% = 3,68 (IC95% 5,07-2,31) para doenças respiratórias em menores de cinco anos para o PM10, SO2 e O3, respectivamente. As doenças cardiovasculares apresentaram relação significativa com o O3 com RR% = 2,11 (IC95% 3,18-1,06). CONCLUSÕES As doenças respiratórias apresentaram relação mais forte e consistente com os poluentes pesquisados em Vitória. Observou-se melhor relação dose-resposta quando se utilizou defasagens acumuladas em modelos de distribuição polinomial.OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity of children and adults in the city of Vitoria, state of Espirito Santo. METHODS A study was carried out using time-series models via Poisson regression from hospitalization and pollutant data in Vitoria, ES, Southeastern Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. Fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were tested as independent variables in simple and cumulative lags of up to five days. Temperature, humidity and variables indicating weekdays and city holidays were added as control variables in the models. RESULTS For each increment of 10 µg/m3 of the pollutants PM10, SO2, and O3, the percentage of relative risk (%RR) for hospitalizations due to total respiratory diseases increased 9.67 (95%CI 11.84-7.54), 6.98 (95%CI 9.98-4.17) and 1.93 (95%CI 2.95-0.93), respectively. We found %RR = 6.60 (95%CI 9.53-3.75), %RR = 5.19 (95%CI 9.01-1.5), and %RR = 3.68 (95%CI 5.07-2.31) for respiratory diseases in children under the age of five years for PM10, SO2, and O3, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases showed a significant relationship with O3, with %RR = 2.11 (95%CI 3.18-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory diseases presented a stronger and more consistent relationship with the pollutants researched in Vitoria. A better dose-response relationship was observed when using cumulative lags in polynomial distributed lag models

Dados comparativos de morbidade hospitalar do Município de Cubatão e do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

The objective of this study was to characterize hospital morbidity in the Cubatão County, SP (Brazil), and compare this morbidity rate to that of the State of S. Paulo as a whole in order to identify the principal pathologies and provide information for the county's health services. The characterization of hospital morbidity was based on the analysis of data collected between July/1983 and June/1984. The main causes of admission in the three hospitals in Cubatão County were: complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (23.63%); diseases of the respiratory system (22.8%); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders (10.47%); diseases of the circulatory system (10.26%); injuries and poisoning (7.63%); diseases of the genitourinary system (7.56%); diseases of the digestive system (7.16%). Comparing hospital morbidity in Cubatão that of the State of S. Paulo as a whole a higher frequency rate was observed of diseases of the respiratory system, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders (basicaly dehydration), and injuries and poisoning. This might be a reflection of the bad environmental and sanitary conditions and poor basic sanitation, the low socioeconomic level of the population and the high industrialization of the county. The low incidence of neoplasms, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue anomalies may be related to the precarious health services of the county which encourage the population to seek assistance elsewhere.Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar a morbidade hospitalar do Município de Cubatão, SP (Brasil), comparando-a com a do Estado de São Paulo a fim de identificar as principais patologias e subsidiar a atuação dos serviços de saúde do Município. A caracterização da morbidade hospitalar baseou-se na análise dos dados coletados no período de julho/1983 a junho/1984. As principais causas de internação do Município de Cubatão nos três estabelecimentos hospitalares foram: Complicações da Gravidez, do Parto e do Puerpério (23,63%); Doenças do Aparelho Respiratório (22,8%); Doenças das Glândulas Endócrinas, da Nutrição e do Metabolismo e Transtornos Imunitários (10,47%); Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório (10,26%); Lesões e Envenenamentos (7,63%); Doenças do Aparelho Geniturinário (7,56%) e Doenças do Aparelho Digestivo (7,16%). Comparando-se o perfil da morbidade hospitalar de Cubatão com a do Estado de São Paulo observou-se que as Doenças Respiratórias, Doenças das Glândulas Endócrinas, da Nutrição, do Metabolismo e Transtornos Imunitários (compreendendo basicamente as desidratações) e as Lesões e Envenenamentos são muito mais freqüentes em Cubatão, o que pode estar refletindo as péssimas condições do meio ambiente, do saneamento básico, o baixo nível socioeconômico da população e o caráter altamente industrializado do Município. A baixa incidência das Doenças do Sistema Nervoso, dos Neoplasmas, Doenças do Sistema Osteomuscular e Anomalias Congênitas podem estar relacionadas com a precariedade dos serviços de saúde do Município que levam à procura de atendimento em outro local

Poluição do ar e doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares: estudo de séries temporais em Cubatão, São Paulo, Brasil

Foi avaliado o impacto da poluição do ar nas internações por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares em residentes do Município de Cuba-tão, São Paulo, Brasil. Utilizaram-se modelos de séries temporais, com modelos aditivos generalizados, em regressão de Poisson, testando como variáveis independentes as concentrações diárias de material particulado (PM10); dióxido de enxofre (SO2) e o ozônio (O3). Como variáveis de controle a temperatura, umidade, dias da semana e feriados. Para cada incremento de 10µg/m³ de PM10, encontrou-se um excesso de internações de 4,25% (IC95%: 2,82; 5,71); 5,74% (IC95%: 3,80; 7,71) e 2,29% (IC95%: 0,86; 3,73) para doenças respiratórias totais, doenças respiratórias em menores de 5 anos e doenças cardiovasculares em maiores de 39 anos, respectivamente. O SO2 apresentou relação com as doenças cardiovasculares em maiores de 39 anos de 3,51% (IC95%: 1,24; 5,83) e o O3 com as doenças cardiovasculares em maiores de 39 anos: 2,85% (IC95%: 0,77; 4,98) e doenças respiratórias em menores de 5 anos: 3,91% (IC95%: 1,37; 6,51). Os efeitos da poluição atmosférica na saúde em Cubatão são pronunciados, indicando a necessidade de melhoria das políticas de controle

Surveillance of lead exposure in the city of Bauru - SP: investigating risk factors and evaluating the institutional dynamics

Introdução: Por requisição da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente realizou-se estudo de exposição em população de área contaminada por chumbo no município de Bauru. Objetivos: Realizar diagnóstico de exposição de crianças residentes no entorno da empresa contaminadora para propor medidas de controle, avaliar o impacto destas medidas e descrever a dinâmica institucional entre os atores envolvidos, buscando dar subsídios para casos similares. Métodos: Estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário aos genitores e dosagem de chumbo no sangue (PbS) em todas as crianças menores de 13 anos no raio de 1 km da empresa. Foram feitas comparações das médias de chumbo antes e após as medidas de controle e regressão logística para identificação de fatores de risco. Analisaram-se as funções e atividades das instituições a partir do arcabouço legal da intersetorialidade, noções de redes e governança. Resultados: Das 850 crianças investigadas, 311 apresentaram níveis de plumbemia acima do estabelecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os fatores de risco identificados foram: morar em área não asfaltada, genitor trabalhar na empresa, distância da fonte, brincar na terra, comer terra, tomar leite local, número de crianças no domicilio. Após as medidas de controle houve queda de 46% nas médias de PbS, considerando 241 crianças reavaliadas, das 311 com PbS >= a 10µg/dL. A análise da dinâmica institucional levanta a necessidade do estabelecimento de formas mistas de gerenciamento. Conclusões: O estudo subsidiou a tomada de decisões relativas à remediação e abordagem utilizada indica novas formas de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas no Estado de São Paulo.Introduction: the Secretary of Environment of the State of São Paulo demanded an evaluation of lead exposure in an area of Bauru. Objectives: to ascertain the lead exposure of children to propose control measures, evaluate the impact of these measures, and to describe the institutional dynamics among the partners invoved in order to advise other similar cases. Methods: cross-sectional study of all children = 10µg/dL. The analysis of the institutional dynamics points towards a need to establish hybrid forms of management. Conclusions: this study informed the decision-making process regarding management of contaminated areas. The institutional dynamics point towards new arrangements for the different actors involved

Effects of Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Constituents on Elderly Hospital Admissions Due to Circulatory and Respiratory Diseases

Various fractions of particulate matter have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The purpose of our study is to analyze the associations between concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5–10, PM10 and their chemical constituents (soluble ions) with hospital admissions due to circulatory and respiratory diseases among the elderly in a medium-sized city in Brazil. A time series study was conducted using Poisson regression with generalized additive models adjusted for confounders. Statistically significant associations were identified between PM10 and PM2.5–10 and respiratory diseases. Risks of hospitalization increased by 23.5% (95% CI: 13.5; 34.3) and 12.8% (95% CI: 6.0; 20.0) per 10 μg/m3 of PM2.5-10 and PM10, respectively. PM2.5 exhibited a significant association with circulatory system diseases, with the risk of hospitalization increasing by 19.6% (95% CI: 6.4; 34.6) per 10 μg/m3. Regarding the chemical species; SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and K+ exhibited specific patterns of risk, relative to the investigated outcomes. Overall, SO42− in PM2.5–10 and K+ in PM2.5 were associated with increased risk of hospital admissions due to both types of diseases. The results agree with evidence indicating that the risks for different health outcomes vary in relation to the fractions and chemical composition of PM10. Thus, PM10 speciation studies may contribute to the establishment of more selective pollution control policies

Associated Factors For Higher Lead And Cadmium Blood Levels, And Reference Values Derived From General Population Of São Paulo, Brazil.

Human activities are associated with emissions of various metals into the environment, among which the heavy metals lead and cadmium stand out, as they pose a risk to human life even at low concentrations. Thus, accurate knowledge of the levels of these metals exhibited by the overall population, including children, is important. The aim of this study was to estimate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the blood of adults, adolescents and children residing in the city of São Paulo, assess factors associated with higher lead and cadmium blood levels, and to establish reference values for this population. The study sample consisted of 669 adults over 20years old, 264 adolescents aged 12 to 19years old and 391 children under 11years old from both genders. The samples were collected at the end of 2007 and during 2008 in different city zones. Higher blood lead concentration was significantly associated with gender, smoking, offal intake, area of residence and age. The blood cadmium concentration was significantly associated with gender, smoking, consumption of distilled beverages and age. The reference values of lead and cadmium established for adults above 20years old were 33μg/L and 0.6μg/L, respectively, for adolescents (12 to 19years old) were 31μg/L and 0.6μg/L, respectively and for children under 11years old were 29μg/L and 0.2μg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the exposure levels of the investigated population to lead and cadmium are low.543628-63

Lead in saliva from lead-exposed and unexposed children

Introduction: Whole blood is used for diagnosis of lead exposure. A non-invasive method to obtain samples for the biomonitoring of lead contamination has become a necessity. This study 1) compares the lead content in whole saliva samples (Pb-saliva) of children from a city with no reported lead contamination (Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil) and children of a region notoriously contaminated with lead (Bauru, Sao Paulo State, Brazil), and 2) correlates Pb-saliva with the lead content in the enamel microbiopsy samples (Pb-enamel) in the case of these two populations. Methods: From a population of our previous study that had included 247 children (4- to 6-year-old) from Ribeirao Preto, and 26 children from Bauru, Pb-saliva was analyzed in 125 children from Ribeirdo Preto and 19 children from Bauru by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). To correlate Pb-saliva with Pb-enamel, we used Pb-enamel data obtained in our previous study. The Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the Pb-saliva data of the two cities. Pb-saliva and Pb-enamel values were then Log(10) transformed to normalize data, and Pb-saliva and Pb-enamel were correlated using Pearson`s correlation coefficient. Results: Median Pb-saliva from the Ribeirao Preto population (1.64 mu g/L) and the Bauru population (5.85 mu g/L) were statistically different (p<0.0001). Pearson`s correlation coefficient for Log(10) Pb-saliva versus Log(10) Pb-enamel was 0.15 (p=0.08) for Ribeirao Preto and 0.38 (p=0.11) for Bauru. Conclusions: A clear relationship between Pb-saliva and environmental contamination by lead is shown. Further studies on Pb-saliva should be undertaken to elucidate the usefulness of saliva as a biomarker of lead exposure, particularly in children. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FAPESPCNPqCAPE

Air pollution and hospitalizations in the largest Brazilian metropolis

<div><p>ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of air pollution on hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the largest Brazilian metropolis. METHODS This study was carried out at the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental data were obtained from the network of monitoring stations of nine municipalities. Air pollution exposure was measured by daily means of PM10 (particles with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) per municipality, while daily counts of hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases within the Brazilian Unified Health System were the outcome. For each municipality a time series analysis was carried out in which a semiparametric Poisson regression model was the framework to explain the daily fluctuations on counts of hospitalizations over time. The results were combined in a meta-analysis to estimate the overall risk of PM10 in hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases at the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. RESULTS Regarding hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, the effect estimates were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all municipalities, except Santo André and Taboão da Serra. The RR (Relative Risk) of this outcome for an increase of 10 µg/m3 in the levels of PM10 ranged from 1.011 (95%CI 1.009–1.013) for São Paulo to 1.032 (95%CI 1.024–1.040) in São Bernardo do Campo. The RR of hospitalization for respiratory diseases in children for an increase of 10 µg/m3 of PM10 ranged from 1.009 (95%CI 1.001–1.017) in Santo André to 1.077 (95%CI 1.056–1.098) in Mauá. Only São Paulo and São Bernardo do Campo presented positive and statistically significant results for hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to estimate the risk of illness from air pollution in the set of municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Global estimates of the effect of exposure to pollution in the region indicated associations only with respiratory diseases. Only São Paulo and São Bernardo do Campo showed an association between the levels of PM10 and hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases.</p></div