A Study of Family Conditions Among FERA People in Logan, Utah, 1934

This study was undertaken at the request of the Cache County Council of Child Health and Protection, who in cooperation with the Juvenile Court of District No. 1 beginning with 1933 planned specific undertakings to minimize delinquency. Life is a ceaseless struggle for existence. It enters every aspect of life and culture and in the long run the more fit tend toward the high places and the less fit are sifted and shaken to the low places. This struggle goes on in our physical environment, the less able take poor homes and the poor sections to live. In employment the less able take the brunt and often shift from one unskilled job to another. In intellectual attainments the less fit cannot compete and drop out of the race early. In the field of nervous stability and physical health the less able die young or carry chronic difficulties with them through life. They are the occupants of our sanitariums and mental hospitals. This struggle brings out the winner and the superior with honors and crushes the loser with discouragements. Is the difference all within man or could each one succeed if the right note were sounded to which he could respond? Does our society make the struggle too severe for some to surmount? To what extent on the other hand, does faulty economic and social organization bring into the ranks of the needy, physically and mentally fit people? What types of maladjustments are most pronounced among the underprivileged groups? An important part of the study has been concerned with the health situation. To find out the nature and extent of the health difficulties experts generously and without pay made physical examinations of thirty-five families. These families came to the FERA health center and received a complete medical examination. Dr. J. O. Heyward and Dentist Clark Haskins, with Miss Emma Willmore and Miss Anna Malmberg, FERA nurses assisting, spent five full evenings giving these examinations to 173 people. This service represents a very real contribution to the effort to clarify conditions in Logan among the dependent classes. The willingness of the three professions involved to render unpaid service of no small extent on a social problem of significance is once more in evidence

Bulletin No. 350 - Cemeteries of Box Elder and Summit Counties

One of man\u27s greatest challenges is to build institutions that adequately meet basic needs. A cemetery is a social institution invented to take care of needs related to the dead. Times and conditions change. A design which seemed adequate when initiated may soon become archaic and out-moded if it is not modified in the light of new discoveries. This study raises many issues about cemeteries. As one reads the bulletin many questions concerning the nature and function of other institutions arise. What is their condition in contrast with the cemeteries? This publication, the first in an institution series planned by the authors, suggests that the cemeteries when measured by reasonable standards appear to be sub-standard in many places. What functions in addition to burial should cemeteries perform? Under what conditions can cemeteries have greater significance and meaning to the people? This study is an appraisal of one institution. Can cemeteries or other institutions be effective if they are not subjected to regular appraisal

Bulletin No. 321 - Utah Housing in Its Group and Community Aspects

The method employed in this study is to select a comparatively important segment of living--housing--for careful appraisement with the purpose of comparing different groups and localities with respect to it. Comparisons are made (1) between Utah and other states, (2) between counties of Utah, and (3) between four Utah communities. The data include the house, home conveniences, the automobile, the streets ad joining the house, newspapers, magazines, books, and connection with water, sewer, power and telephone lines. The segment is thus not small. The groups are segregated by the vocation, farm and nonfarm, from which the living is made. The communities consist of four northern Utah villages each of a different type. The purpose of the inquiry is to find out how successful the different vocational groups living in different types of. communities have been over the years in providing satisfactory homes for their families. This study, therefore, constitutes an appraisement of housing conditions that exist among the chief rural farm and nonfarm groups in the communities studied

Arctic Bottleneck: Protecting The Bering Strait Region From Increased Vessel Traffic

Climate change in the circumpolar Arctic is reducing seasonal sea ice coverage and leading to longer periods when the ocean surface is relatively ice-free. The reduction in the temporal and geographic extent of sea ice is in turn driving increased interest in the pursuit of commercial and industrial activities throughout the Arctic, including oil and gas exploration and development, mining, tourism, and shipping. While these activities are already affecting various parts of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait and surrounding waters are likely to experience especially significant impacts due to the increased vessel traffic associated with the expansion of commercial activity. Sea ice covers the Bering Strait region for much of the year, and the area is subject to severe weather and strong ocean currents. Despite the harsh environment, these waters are remarkably productive. Fish and wildlife—including a wide variety of marine mammals and seabirds— make extensive use of the area, and many species use the Bering Strait as a vital migration corridor. Moreover, the people residing in Bering Strait communities are an integral part of the region’s rich ecosystem. For thousands of years they have depended on the marine resources of the region to support their way of life. As seasonal sea ice diminishes and industrial activity in the Arctic grows, the Bering Strait will continue to experience increasing levels of vessel traffic. Increased maritime traffic in the narrow, often icy waters of the Bering Strait could elevate the risk of maritime accidents that lead to injury and loss of life. Increased vessel traffic may also result in more pollution, ship strikes on marine mammals, chronic and catastrophic spills, and other unanticipated environmental impacts. These threats are of particular concern due to the region’s lack of infrastructure and limited resources to support search and rescue, spill response, and restoration activities. In a part of the ocean as biologically rich and fragile as the Bering Strait region, these increased environmental impacts could have serious consequences. At present, there are few protective measures in place to improve safety, reduce the risk of accidents, or mitigate environmental impacts associated with increased commercial vessel traffic in the Bering Strait and surrounding waters. With vessel traffic in the region likely to expand significantly, the status quo must change. Given the Bering Strait region’s status as a gateway between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, its significance as a wildlife migration corridor, its biological productivity, and its importance to the subsistence economies of surrounding communities, the United States should work with the Russian Federation and the international community to adopt and implement heightened safety, prevention, management, and mitigation measures in order to protect the region from the impacts of increased vessel traffic. This Article outlines the environmental and socio-economic characteristics of the Bering Strait region, explores the legal framework that governs shipping traffic in the Strait, identifies the institutions that are best positioned to adopt and implement changes in policy and governance, and examines the legal tools and instruments available to regulate vessel traffic that will improve safety and protect the people and biological resources of the region. Part II of this Article describes some of the attributes of the Bering Strait and its surrounding waters, including geographical features, the role of seasonal sea ice, biological characteristics, neighboring human communities, and the ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. Part III describes the status and expected future growth of maritime traffic in the region. Part IV of this Article explains the overarching legal regime established by customary international law and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with particular emphasis on those portions of the law that relate to international straits, ecologically important areas, and ice-covered waters. Part V identifies and describes institutions that could facilitate the adoption and implementation of improved safety and environmental protection measures in the Bering Strait region and evaluates some of the specific instruments and tools that these institutions could employ. Finally, Part VI recommends that the United States, the Russian Federation, other Arctic nations, and the international community act now—in advance of a crisis—to adopt and implement specific measures designed to improve safety, reduce the threat of accidents, and prevent and mitigate environmental threats that are likely to develop as a result of increased vessel traffic in the Bering Strait region

Arctic Bottleneck: Protecting The Bering Strait Region From Increased Vessel Traffic

Climate change in the circumpolar Arctic is reducing seasonal sea ice coverage and leading to longer periods when the ocean surface is relatively ice-free. The reduction in the temporal and geographic extent of sea ice is in turn driving increased interest in the pursuit of commercial and industrial activities throughout the Arctic, including oil and gas exploration and development, mining, tourism, and shipping. While these activities are already affecting various parts of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait and surrounding waters are likely to experience especially significant impacts due to the increased vessel traffic associated with the expansion of commercial activity. Sea ice covers the Bering Strait region for much of the year, and the area is subject to severe weather and strong ocean currents. Despite the harsh environment, these waters are remarkably productive. Fish and wildlife—including a wide variety of marine mammals and seabirds— make extensive use of the area, and many species use the Bering Strait as a vital migration corridor. Moreover, the people residing in Bering Strait communities are an integral part of the region’s rich ecosystem. For thousands of years they have depended on the marine resources of the region to support their way of life. As seasonal sea ice diminishes and industrial activity in the Arctic grows, the Bering Strait will continue to experience increasing levels of vessel traffic. Increased maritime traffic in the narrow, often icy waters of the Bering Strait could elevate the risk of maritime accidents that lead to injury and loss of life. Increased vessel traffic may also result in more pollution, ship strikes on marine mammals, chronic and catastrophic spills, and other unanticipated environmental impacts. These threats are of particular concern due to the region’s lack of infrastructure and limited resources to support search and rescue, spill response, and restoration activities. In a part of the ocean as biologically rich and fragile as the Bering Strait region, these increased environmental impacts could have serious consequences. At present, there are few protective measures in place to improve safety, reduce the risk of accidents, or mitigate environmental impacts associated with increased commercial vessel traffic in the Bering Strait and surrounding waters. With vessel traffic in the region likely to expand significantly, the status quo must change. Given the Bering Strait region’s status as a gateway between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, its significance as a wildlife migration corridor, its biological productivity, and its importance to the subsistence economies of surrounding communities, the United States should work with the Russian Federation and the international community to adopt and implement heightened safety, prevention, management, and mitigation measures in order to protect the region from the impacts of increased vessel traffic. This Article outlines the environmental and socio-economic characteristics of the Bering Strait region, explores the legal framework that governs shipping traffic in the Strait, identifies the institutions that are best positioned to adopt and implement changes in policy and governance, and examines the legal tools and instruments available to regulate vessel traffic that will improve safety and protect the people and biological resources of the region. Part II of this Article describes some of the attributes of the Bering Strait and its surrounding waters, including geographical features, the role of seasonal sea ice, biological characteristics, neighboring human communities, and the ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. Part III describes the status and expected future growth of maritime traffic in the region. Part IV of this Article explains the overarching legal regime established by customary international law and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with particular emphasis on those portions of the law that relate to international straits, ecologically important areas, and ice-covered waters. Part V identifies and describes institutions that could facilitate the adoption and implementation of improved safety and environmental protection measures in the Bering Strait region and evaluates some of the specific instruments and tools that these institutions could employ. Finally, Part VI recommends that the United States, the Russian Federation, other Arctic nations, and the international community act now—in advance of a crisis—to adopt and implement specific measures designed to improve safety, reduce the threat of accidents, and prevent and mitigate environmental threats that are likely to develop as a result of increased vessel traffic in the Bering Strait region

Isolation of Halobacterium salinarum Retrieved Directly from Halite Brine Inclusions

Halite crystals were selected from a 186 m subsurface core taken from the Badwater salt pan, Death Valley, California to ascertain if halophilic Archaea and their associated 16S rDNA can survive over several tens of thousands of years. Using a combined microscope microdrill/micropipette system, fluids from brine inclusions were aseptically extracted from primary, hopper texture, halite crystals from 8 and 85 metres below the surface (mbls). U-Th disequilibrium dating indicates that these halite layers were deposited at 9600 and 97 000 years before present (ybp) respectively. Extracted inclusions were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with haloarchaea-specific 16S rDNA primers or placed into haloarchaea culture medium. Enrichment cultures were obtained from 97 kyr halite crystal inclusion fluid and haloarchaea-containing prepared crystals (positive controls), whereas inclusions from crystals of 9.6 kyr halite and the haloarchaea-free halite crystals (negative controls) resulted in no growth. Phylogenetic analysis (16S rDNA) of the 97 kyr isolate, designated BBH 001, revealed a homology of 100% with Halobacterium salinarum. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that BBH 001 was closely related to H. salinarum (81-75% hybridization) and its ascription to this haloarchaea species. The described method of retrieving particle-containing brine from fluid inclusions offers a robust approach for assessing the antiquity of microorganisms associated with evaporites

Activity Pattern Profiles: Relationship With Affect, Daily Functioning, Impairment, and Variables Related to Life Goals

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify subgroups of patients on the basis of their activity patterns and to investigate their relationship with life goals, optimism, affect, and functioning. The sample was comprised of 276 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the activity pattern variables and the resulting clusters were compared using 1-way analysis of variance. The 4-cluster was the optimal solution. The 4 clusters comprised: 1) avoiders: patients with high levels of avoidance and low levels of persistence, who use pacing to reduce pain, 2) doers: patients with high levels of persistence and low levels of pacing and avoidance, 3) extreme cyclers: patients with high levels of avoidance and persistence and low levels of pacing, and 4) medium cyclers: patients with moderately high levels of avoidance and persistence and high levels of pacing. Comparison of the clusters showed that doers had the most adaptive profile, whereas avoiders, followed by extreme cyclers, had unhealthy profiles. Doers showed a high level of optimism and a good balance between goal value, expectancy, and conflict