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Aspects of South Yemen's foreign policy, 1967-1982
This study analyses the foreign relations of South Yemen (since 1970
the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) from independence in 1967
until 1982. It covers the first four Presidencies of the post-independence
period, with their attendant policy changes, and ends
with the resolution of two of the more pressing foreign policy
conflicts with which South Yemen was concerned, its support for the
guerrillas in North Yemen, who were defeated in the spring of 1982,
and its conflict with the Sultanate of Oman, with whom diplomatic
relations were concluded in October 1982.
Chapter One provides an outline of the background to South Yemen's
foreign policy: the outcome of the independence movement itself and
the resultant foreign policy orientations of the new government; the
independence negotiations with Britain; and the manner in which, in
the post-independence period, the ruling National Front sought to
determine and develop its foreign policy.
The remaining four chapters focus upon specific aspects of South
Yemen's foreign policy that are, it is argued, of central importance.
Chapter Two discusses relations with the West - with Britain, France,
West Germany and the USA. It charts the pattern of continued economic
ties with western European states, and the several political disputes
which South Yemen had with them. Chapter Three discusses the issue of
'Yemeni Unity' - the reasons for the continued commitment to this
goal, the policy of simultaneously supporting opposition in North
Yemen and negotiating with the government there, and the course of
policy on creating a unified Yemeni state. Chapter Four considers the
attempt to promote revolution in Oman, relations with other states in
the Arabian Peninsula and the gradual lessening of tensions between
them and South Yemen. Chapter Five discusses relations with the
USSR and China - the growth of military and economic links with
Russia, the large but not complete area of PDRY-USSR political
agreement, and the continued if sometimes tense relationship with
China.
The study ends with a brief Conclusion, suggesting some broader
implications of South Yemen's foreign policy in this period
Arabs and Persians beyond the Geopolitics of the Gulf
The formation of states, the definition of their interests and the mechanisms education, socialization in the armed forces, nationalists' writings, print and electronic media that served to create and spreand national ideas must be examined if one is to understand the form that the relations between Arabs and Iranians is currently taking. Indeed these relations owe much to these two factors state- and nation-building- and much less to the Medes or Persians, Sunnis or Shi'ites, Ottomans or Safavis. To illustrate this point, one may divide the modern history of the Gulf into three periods : 1921-1958 ; 1958-1979 ; and 1979 to the present day
Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and clinical malaria among school children living in a high transmission setting in western Kenya.
BACKGROUND: Malaria among school children is increasingly receiving attention, yet the burden of malaria in this age group is poorly defined. This study presents data on malaria morbidity among school children in Bungoma county, western Kenya. METHOD: This study investigated the burden and risk factors of Plasmodium falciparum infection, clinical malaria, and anaemia among 2346 school children aged 5-15 years, who were enrolled in an individually randomized trial evaluating the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the risks of malaria. At baseline, children were assessed for anaemia and nutritional status and information on household characteristics was collected. Children were followed-up for 13 months to assess the incidence of clinical malaria by active detection, and P. falciparum infection and density evaluated using repeated cross-sectional surveys over 15 months. RESULTS: On average prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 42% and ranged between 32 and 48% during the five cross-sectional surveys. Plasmodium falciparum prevalence was significantly higher among boys than girls. The overall incidence of clinical malaria was 0.26 episodes per person year (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.29) and was significantly higher among girls (0.23 versus 0.31, episodes per person years). Both infection prevalence and clinical disease varied by season. In multivariable analysis, P. falciparum infection was associated with being male, lower socioeconomic status and stunting. The risk of clinical malaria was associated with being female. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the burden of P. falciparum parasitaemia, clinical malaria and anaemia among school children is not insignificant, and suggest that malaria control programmes should be expanded to include this age group
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