Non-prescription sun eyewear optical performance study

Non-prescription sun eyewear often has induced refractive power, prismatic deviations and variability in resolution within their lenses. The goal of current sun eyewear manufactures is to provide maximum optical quality in their lenses. In order to achieve superior optical quality in their lenses, manufactures attempt to have low refractive power, low prismatic power, and high resolution within and between their lenses. The purpose of this study was to assess various optical qualities including refractive power, prismatic deviation in primary and lateral gaze, and resolution of premium non-prescription eyewear available for over the counter purchase to consumers at local optical shops or stores. 48 pairs oflocally purchased sun eyewear from prominent national brands were purchased for this study. Two principal investigators measured both lenses in each pair of sun eyewear for refractive error and cylinder using a calibrated 8 power telescope. Prismatic deviation was measured on both lenses of each eyewear in primary gaze and 30 degrees dextroversional gaze. Resolution was also obtained for each individual lens by using the same calibrated 8 power telescope and the standard high contrast NBS Definition Pattern. All eyewear within the study produced measurable amounts of refractive power, with a majority oflenses measured producing a low minus power. Cylinder was also found in all lenses. Most lenses induced base-down and base-out prismatic deviations for primary gaze, and most lenses gave a base-out horizontal vergence effect in primary gaze. All but one lens produced base-out prism with temporal gaze and all lenses produced base-in prism in nasal gaze giving a yoked prismatic effect in lateral gazes. The majority of vertical deviations in lateral gaze were base-down. Resolution results showed large variability between lenses within the tested eyewear with over a third of the lenses not meeting current ANSI standards. It was concluded that refractive power and induced cylinder in all the lenses tested would have minimal perceptual effect based on the depth of focus innate in the human eye with variability and sensitivity most likely based on pupil size secondary to tint density. Prismatic deviations were felt to have a more detrimental effect on the viewer due to changes in perception of the viewer\u27s environment. Resolution results were questionable based on variability in tint density and transmittance of individual lenses. Further investigation in areas of transmittance and tint are indicated in determining resolving capabilities of sun eyewear. Further testing in optical quality is also indicated and could include subjective responses to clarity and comfort in both recreational and professional athletes

Panel I Discussion: The Criminal Justice System: George Floyd Bill & Qualified Immunity

This presentation explored the jurisprudence surrounding the doctrine of qualified immunity. It discusses the obscurity of many of its applications using the “clearly established” law standard. It also details a number of reasons justifying the call to eliminate the qualified immunity defense

Apollo Lightcraft project

The detailed design of a beam-powered transatmospheric vehicle, the Apollo Lightcraft, was selected as the project for the design course. The principal goal is to reduce the LEO payload delivery cost by at least three orders of magnitude below the Space Shuttle Orbiter in the post 2020 era. The completely reusable, single-stage-to-orbit shuttlecraft will take off and land vertically, and have a reentry heat shield integrated with its lower surface. At appropriate points along the launch trajectory, the combined cycle propulsion system will transition through three or four airbreathing modes, and finally use a pure rocket mode for orbital insertion. The objective for the Spring semester propulsion source was to design and perform a detailed theoretical analysis on an advanced combined-cycle engine suitable for the Apollo Lightcraft. The preliminary theoretical analysis of this combined-cycle engine is now completed, and the acceleration performance along representative orbital trajectories was simulated. The total round trip cost is $3430 or$686 per person. This represents a payload delivery cost of $3.11/lb, which is a factor of 1000 below the STS. The Apollo Lightcraft concept is now ready for a more detailed investigation during the Fall semester Transatmosphere Vehicle Design course

Comparison of Pharmaceutical Calculations Learning Outcomes Achieved Within a Traditional Lecture or Flipped Classroom Andragogy

Objective. To compare learning outcomes achieved from a pharmaceutical calculations course taught in a traditional lecture (lecture model) and a flipped classroom (flipped model). Methods. Students were randomly assigned to the lecture model and the flipped model. Course instructors, content, assessments, and instructional time for both models were equivalent. Overall group performance and pass rates on a standardized assessment (Pcalc OSCE) were compared at six weeks and at six months post-course completion. Results. Student mean exam scores in the flipped model were higher than those in the lecture model at six weeks and six months later. Significantly more students passed the OSCE the first time in the flipped model at six weeks; however, this effect was not maintained at six months. Conclusion. Within a 6 week course of study, use of a flipped classroom improves student pharmacy calculation skill achievement relative to a traditional lecture andragogy. Further study is needed to determine if the effect is maintained over time

Potential resolution to the doping puzzle in iron pyrite: Carrier type determination by Hall effect and thermopower

Pyrite FeS2 has outstanding potential as an earth-abundant, low-cost, nontoxic photovoltaic, but underperforms dramatically in solar cells. While the full reasons for this are not clear, one certain factor is the inability to understand and control doping in FeS2. This is exemplified by the widely accepted but unexplained observation that unintentionally doped FeS2 single crystals are predominantly n type, whereas thin films are p type. Here we provide a potential resolution to this “doping puzzle,” arrived at via Hall effect, thermopower, and resistivity measurements on a large set of FeS2 single crystals and films that span five orders of magnitude in mobility. The results reveal three main findings. First, in addition to crystals, the highest mobility thin films in this study are shown to be definitively n type, from both Hall effect and thermopower. Second, as mobility decreases an apparent crossover to p type occurs, first in thermopower, then in Hall measurements. This can be understood, however, in terms of the crossover from diffusive to hopping transport that is clearly reflected in resistivity. Third, universal behavior is found for both crystals and films, suggesting a common n dopant, possibly sulfur vacancies. We thus argue that n-type doping is facile in FeS2 films, that apparent p-type behavior in low mobility samples can be an artifact of hopping, and that the prevailing notion of predominantly p-type films must be revised. These conclusions have deep implications, both for interpretation of prior work on FeS2 solar cells and for the design of future studies

COPI mediates recycling of an exocytic SNARE by recognition of a ubiquitin sorting signal

The COPI coat forms transport vesicles from the Golgi complex and plays a poorly defined role in endocytic trafficking. Here we show that COPI binds K63-linked polyubiquitin and this interaction is crucial for trafficking of a ubiquitinated yeast SNARE (Snc1). Snc1 is a v-SNARE that drives fusion of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane, and then recycles through the endocytic pathway to the Golgi for reuse in exocytosis. Removal of ubiquitin from Snc1, or deletion of a β’-COP subunit propeller domain that binds K63-linked polyubiquitin, disrupts Snc1 recycling causing aberrant accumulation in internal compartments. Moreover, replacement of the β’-COP propeller domain with unrelated ubiquitin-binding domains restores Snc1 recycling. These results indicate that ubiquitination, a modification well known to target membrane proteins to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation, can also function as recycling signal to sort a SNARE into COPI vesicles in a non-degradative pathway

A J-protein is an essential subunit of the presequence translocase–associated protein import motor of mitochondria

Transport of preproteins into the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by the presequence translocase–associated motor (PAM). Three essential subunits of the motor are known: mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70); the peripheral membrane protein Tim44; and the nucleotide exchange factor Mge1. We have identified the fourth essential subunit of the PAM, an essential inner membrane protein of 18 kD with a J-domain that stimulates the ATPase activity of mtHsp70. The novel J-protein (encoded by PAM18/YLR008c/TIM14) is required for the interaction of mtHsp70 with Tim44 and protein translocation into the matrix. We conclude that the reaction cycle of the PAM of mitochondria involves an essential J-protein

Percutaneous coronary revascularization in patients with formerly "refractory angina pectoris in end-stage coronary artery disease" – Not "end-stage" after all

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Patients with refractory angina pectoris in end-stage coronary artery disease represent a severe condition with a higher reduction of life-expectancy and quality of life as compared to patients with stable coronary artery disease. It was the purpose of this study to invasively re-evaluate highly symptomatic patients with formerly diagnosed refractory angina pectoris in end-stage coronary artery disease for feasible options of myocardial revascularization.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty-four Patients formerly characterized as having end stage coronary artery disease with refractory angina pectoris were retrospectively followed for coronary interventions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of those 34 patients 21 (61.8%) were eventually revascularized with percutaneous interventional revascularization (PCI). Due to complex coronary morphology (angulation, chronic total occlusion) PCI demanded an above-average amount of time (66 ± 42 minutes, range 25–206 minutes) and materials (contrast media 247 ± 209 ml, range 50–750 ml; PCI guiding wires 2.0 ± 1.4, range 1–6 wires). Of PCI patients 7 (33.3%) showed a new lesion as a sign of progression of atherosclerosis. Clinical success rate with a reduction to angina class II or lower was 71.4% at 30 days. Surgery was performed in a total of8 (23.5%) patients with a clinical success rate of 62.5%. Based on an intention-to-treat 2 patients of originally 8 (25%) demonstrated clinical success. Mortality during follow-up (1–18 months) was 4.8% in patients who underwent PCI, 25% in patients treated surgically and 25% in those only treated medically.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The majority of patients with end-stage coronary artery disease can be treated effectively with conventional invasive treatment modalities. Therefore even though it is challenging and demanding PCI should be considered as a first choice before experimental interventions are considered.</p

The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) investigation of the Mars Science Laboratory(MSL) addresses the chemical and isotopic composition of the atmosphere and volatilesextracted from solid samples. The SAM investigation is designed to contribute substantiallyto the mission goal of quantitatively assessing the habitability of Mars as an essentialstep in the search for past or present life on Mars. SAM is a 40 kg instrument suite locatedin the interior of MSLs Curiosity rover. The SAM instruments are a quadrupole massspectrometer, a tunable laser spectrometer, and a 6-column gas chromatograph all coupledthrough solid and gas processing systems to provide complementary information on thesame samples. The SAM suite is able to measure a suite of light isotopes and to analyzevolatiles directly from the atmosphere or thermally released from solid samples. In additionto measurements of simple inorganic compounds and noble gases SAM will conducta sensitive search for organic compounds with either thermal or chemical extraction fromsieved samples delivered by the sample processing system on the Curiosity rovers roboticarm