22,016 research outputs found
Earth-atmosphere system and surface reflectivities in arid regions from LANDSAT multispectral scanner measurements
Programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering solar radiation were used to compute the ratios of the Earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the vertical direction to the surface reflectivity, for the four bands of the LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the LANDSAT MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface vertical reflectivities were computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities were used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory measurements
The effect of finite field size on classification and atmospheric correction
The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the Earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features is much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface do not account for the nonuniformity of the surface have only a slight effect on the classification accuracy; in other cases the classification accuracy descreases. The radiances above finite fields were computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) was used to test the effect of the size of the background reflectance and the optical thickness of the atmosphere on classification accuracy. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, have to be developed to improve significantly the classification accuracy
Collisions of small ice particles under microgravity conditions (II): Does the chemical composition of the ice change the collisional properties?
Context: Understanding the collisional properties of ice is important for
understanding both the early stages of planet formation and the evolution of
planetary ring systems. Simple chemicals such as methanol and formic acid are
known to be present in cold protostellar regions alongside the dominant water
ice; they are also likely to be incorporated into planets which form in
protoplanetary disks, and planetary ring systems. However, the effect of the
chemical composition of the ice on its collisional properties has not yet been
studied. Aims: Collisions of 1.5 cm ice spheres composed of pure crystalline
water ice, water with 5% methanol, and water with 5% formic acid were
investigated to determine the effect of the ice composition on the collisional
outcomes. Methods: The collisions were conducted in a dedicated experimental
instrument, operated under microgravity conditions, at relative particle impact
velocities between 0.01 and 0.19 m s^-1, temperatures between 131 and 160 K and
a pressure of around 10^-5 mbar. Results: A range of coefficients of
restitution were found, with no correlation between this and the chemical
composition, relative impact velocity, or temperature. Conclusions: We conclude
that the chemical composition of the ice (at the level of 95% water ice and 5%
methanol or formic acid) does not affect the collisional properties at these
temperatures and pressures due to the inability of surface wetting to take
place. At a level of 5% methanol or formic acid, the structure is likely to be
dominated by crystalline water ice, leading to no change in collisional
properties. The surface roughness of the particles is the dominant factor in
explaining the range of coefficients of restitution
History, Sociology, Modernity : How Connect?
Special Issue on 'The State of Scottish History: Past, Present and Future'Peer reviewedPublisher PD
The death of massive stars - II. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type Ibc supernovae
The progenitors of many type II core-collapse supernovae have now been
identified directly on pre-discovery imaging. Here we present an extensive
search for the progenitors of type Ibc supernovae in all available
pre-discovery imaging since 1998. There are 12 type Ibc supernovae with no
detections of progenitors in either deep ground-based or Hubble Space Telescope
archival imaging. The deepest absolute BVR magnitude limits are between -4 and
-5. We compare these limits with the observed Wolf-Rayet population in the
Large Magellanic Cloud and estimate a 16 per cent probability we have failed to
detect such a progenitor by chance. Alternatively the progenitors evolve
significantly before core-collapse or we have underestimated the extinction
towards the progenitors. Reviewing the relative rates and ejecta mass estimates
from lightcurve modelling of Ibc SNe, we find both incompatible with Wolf-Rayet
stars with initial masses >25Msun being the only progenitors. We present binary
evolution models that fit these observational constraints. Stars in binaries
with initial masses <20Msun lose their hydrogen envelopes in binary
interactions to become low mass helium stars. They retain a low mass hydrogen
envelope until approximately 10,000 years before core-collapse; hence it is not
surprising that galactic analogues have been difficult to identify.Comment: Accepted by MNRAS. 31 pages, 12 figures, 8 table
Soft-tissue specimens from pre-European extinct birds of New Zealand
We provide the first complete review of soft tissue remains from New Zealand birds that became extinct prior to European settlement (c. AD 1800). These rare specimens allow insights into the anatomy and appearance of the birds that are not attainable from bones. Our review includes previously unpublished records of ‘lost’ specimens, and descriptions of recently discovered specimens such as the first evidence of soft tissues from the South Island goose (Cnemiornis calcitrans). Overall, the soft tissue remains are dominated by moa (with specimens from each of the six genera), but also include specimens from Finsch's duck (Chenonetta finschi) and the New Zealand owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles novaezealandiae). All desiccated soft tissue specimens that have radiocarbon or stratigraphic dates are late Holocene in age, and most have been found in the semi-arid region of Central Otago
Method of statistical filtering
Minimal formula for bounding the cross correlation between a random forcing function and the state error when this correlation is unknown is used in optimal linear filter theory applications. Use of the bound results in overestimation of the estimation-error covariance
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