Expression du récepteur Frizzled7 par les macrophages : rôle dans le contrôle de l’angiogenèse via la régulation de la polarisation macrophagique

Macrophages play a major role in regulating inflammation. They are able to respond quickly to external signals from a pro to anti-inflammatory state (respectively named M1 and M2 macrophages). Some subpopulations of M2 macrophages have angiogenic properties. The Wnt/Frizzled (Fzd) pathway is part of pathways allowing macrophages to respond to their environment. They are composed of 10 Fzd receptors and 19 Wnt ligands. It was established that Wnt3a/Fzd1 and Wnt5a/Fzd5 are involved in the inflammatory response of macrophages. Recently the role of a Wnt/Flt1 pathway has been highlighted in the regulation of angiogenesis, by macrophages, during retinal development. Our aim was to study the role of the Fzd7-induced signaling on macrophages angiogenic properties. We studied pathological angiogenesis by using several mouse models of inflammation (skin irritation, hindlimb ischemia, myocardial infarction). In mice with Fzd7-deleted macrophages, angiogenesis is greater during the inflammatory phase, compared with control mice. By immune-histochemistry and flow cytometry we demonstrated that the increase in the vessels number is associated with a greater M2 macrophages population, without change in the total number of macrophages. These results obtained in several inflammatory contexts in mice suggest that Fzd7 be involved in the control of angiogenesis through regulation of the M1 versus M2 polarization of macrophages.Les macrophages ont un rôle majeur dans la régulation de l’inflammation. Ils sont capables de répondre rapidement aux signaux extérieurs en passant d’un état pro- à anti-inflammatoire (respectivement nommés macrophages M1 et M2). Certaines sous populations de macrophages M2 ont des propriétés angiogéniques. Parmi les voies de signalisation permettant aux macrophages de répondre aux signaux extérieurs on trouve les voies Wnt/Frizzled (Fzd). Elles reposent sur 10 récepteurs Fzd et 19 ligands Wnt. Il a été établi que les couples Wnt3a/Fzd1 et Wnt5a/Fzd5 sont impliqués dans la réponse inflammatoire des macrophages. Récemment le rôle d’une voie Wnt/Flt1 a été mis en évidence dans la régulation de l’angiogenèse, par les macrophages, lors du développement rétinien. Notre objectif de recherche fut d’étudier le rôle de la signalisation induite par Fzd7 sur les propriétés angiogéniques des macrophages. Nous avons étudié l’angiogenèse pathologique par l’utilisation de plusieurs modèles murins d’inflammation (irritation cutané, ischémie du membre inférieur, infarctus du myocarde). Chez des souris déficientes en Fzd7 dans les macrophages, l’angiogenèse est plus importante durant la phase d’inflammation, comparées aux souris contrôles. Par immuno-histologie et cytométrie en flux nous avons démontré que cette augmentation du nombre de vaisseaux s’accompagne d’une population de macrophages M2 plus importante, sans modification du nombre total de macrophages. Ces résultats obtenus dans plusieurs contextes inflammatoires chez la souris suggèrent que Fzd7 serait impliqué dans le contrôle de l’angiogenèse via une régulation de la polarisation M1 versus M2 des macrophages

Burst switched optical networks supporting legacy and future service types

Focusing on the principles and the paradigm of OBS an overview addressing expectable performance and application issues is presented. Proposals on OBS were published over a decade and the presented techniques spread into many directions. The paper comprises discussions of several challenges that OBS meets, in order to compile the big picture. The OBS principle is presented unrestricted to individual proposals and trends. Merits are openly discussed, considering basic teletraffic theory and common traffic characterisation. A more generic OBS paradigm than usual is impartially discussed and found capable to overcome shortcomings of recent proposals. In conclusion, an OBS that offers different connection types may support most client demands within a sole optical network layer

Thermal effects in exciton harvesting in biased one-dimensional systems

The study of energy harvesting in chain-like structures is important due to its relevance to a variety of interesting physical systems. Harvesting is understood as the combination of exciton transport through intra-band exciton relaxation (via scattering on phonon modes) and subsequent quenching by a trap. Previously, we have shown that in the low temperature limit different harvesting scenarios as a function of the applied bias strength (slope of the energy gradient towards the trap) are possible \cite{Vlaming07}. This paper generalizes the results for both homogeneous and disordered chains to nonzero temperatures. We show that thermal effects are appreciable only for low bias strengths, particularly so in disordered systems, and lead to faster harvesting.Comment: 8 pages, 2 fugures, to appear in Journal of Luminescenc

Changing the fine structure aluminum alloys under intensive plastic deformation

This chapter shows the experimental data on the effect of different methods of plastic deformation on the evolution of structural and phase transformations in the AMC and AMG6 alloys

Integration of quantum key distribution in metropolitan area networks

The deployment of Quantum Key Distribution forces the development of QKD-links to be operated in current and next-generation photonic metro-access networks. These highly heterogeneous architectures determine the conditions QKD-links need to be optimized for

A Large Blue Shift of the Biexciton State in Tellurium Doped CdSe Colloidal Quantum Dots

The exciton-exciton interaction energy of Tellurium doped CdSe colloidal quantum dots is experimentally investigated. The dots exhibit a strong Coulomb repulsion between the two excitons, which results in a huge measured biexciton blue shift of up to 300 meV. Such a strong Coulomb repulsion implies a very narrow hole wave function localized around the defect, which is manifested by a large Stokes shift. Moreover, we show that the biexciton blue shift increases linearly with the Stokes shift. This result is highly relevant for the use of colloidal QDs as optical gain media, where a large biexciton blue shift is required to obtain gain in the single exciton regime.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

Smart Sensor Demonstration Payload

Sensors are a critical element to any monitoring, control, and evaluation processes such as those needed to support ground based testing for rocket engine test. Sensor applications involve tens to thousands of sensors; their reliable performance is critical to achieving overall system goals. Many figures of merit are used to describe and evaluate sensor characteristics; for example, sensitivity and linearity. In addition, sensor selection must satisfy many trade-offs among system engineering (SE) requirements to best integrate sensors into complex systems [1]. These SE trades include the familiar constraints of power, signal conditioning, cabling, reliability, and mass, and now include considerations such as spectrum allocation and interference for wireless sensors. Our group at NASA s John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC) works in the broad area of integrated systems health management (ISHM). Core ISHM technologies include smart and intelligent sensors, anomaly detection, root cause analysis, prognosis, and interfaces to operators and other system elements [2]. Sensor technologies are the base fabric that feed data and health information to higher layers. Cost-effective operation of the complement of test stands benefits from technologies and methodologies that contribute to reductions in labor costs, improvements in efficiency, reductions in turn-around times, improved reliability, and other measures. ISHM is an active area of development at SSC because it offers the potential to achieve many of those operational goals [3-5]

Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) Implementation in Rocket Engine Testing

A pilot operational ISHM capability has been implemented for the E-2 Rocket Engine Test Stand (RETS) and a Chemical Steam Generator (CSG) test article at NASA Stennis Space Center. The implementation currently includes an ISHM computer and a large display in the control room. The paper will address the overall approach, tools, and requirements. It will also address the infrastructure and architecture. Specific anomaly detection algorithms will be discussed regarding leak detection and diagnostics, valve validation, and sensor validation. It will also describe development and use of a Health Assessment Database System (HADS) as a repository for measurements, health, configuration, and knowledge related to a system with ISHM capability. It will conclude with a discussion of user interfaces, and a description of the operation of the ISHM system prior, during, and after testing