The Four Phases of Philosophy

Introduction and translation of “The Four Phases of Philosophy” by Franz Brentano

Franz Brentano y Tomás de Aquino

This paper presents the Spanish translation of the only two texts of Franz Brentano which deal specifically with St. Thomas Aquinas. The first text is a section about St. Albert the Great and Aquinas in an article published during Brentano’s youth, “The History of Ecclesiastical Sciences” (1867). The second text is an article, “Thomas Aquinas” (1908), written at the end of his life. Both texts reveal the immense value that Brentano saw in Aquinas. They also show that he regarded Aquinas mainly as an important interpreter of Aristotle rather than as a philosopher in his own right. Brentano’s approach here also gives us some insight into his own conception of philosophical hermeneutics. The differences between the two texts are evident; for instance, in the second one, there is a Brentano’s manipulation of Aquinas’ thought to justify his leaving the Catholic Faith. The texts are also preceded by a little introduction of mine. Original titles: «Geschichte der kirchlichen Wissenschaften», in: Johann Adam Möhler (ed.), 'Kirchengeschichte', Band 2 (Regensburg: Manz, 1867), pp. 550-556 and «Thomas von Aquin», 'Neue Freie Presse' 15683 (18/4/1908): 1-5

El método de estudio de Aristóteles según Brentano

This paper consists in the Spanish translation of a manuscript by Franz Brentano, where he deals with “The Method of Study of Aristotle and, More Generally, the Method of Historical Research in Philosophical Field”. In these pages, Brentano challenges the Aristotelian studies of his time by criticizing the approach followed by E. Zeller and other scholars. Meanwhile, he suggests some hermeneutical rules in order to interpret Aristotle in the right way. The core of his proposal is the use of philosophical hermeneutics, that is, the interpreter should philosophize following the Aristotelian arguments, like the Peripatetics used to do. In his introduction to the text by Brentano, the Spanish translator also recommends a new chronology for the manuscript, i.e. not much later than 1883. Complete title: «Franz Brentano: Sobre el método en los estudios aristotélicos y sobre el método de la investigación histórica en ámbito filosófico en general». Original title: Franz Brentano, «Zur Methode aristotelischen Studien, und zur Methode geschichtlicher Forschung auf philosophischem Gebiet überhaupt», in: 'Über Aristoteles. Nachgelassene Aufsätze', edited by Rolf George, Hamburg: Meiner, 1986, pp. 7-20

Auguste Comte et la philosophie positive

Dans cet article de 1869, il s’agit pour le jeune Brentano (1838-1917) de convaincre ses lecteurs de la viabilité de la philosophie positive et de montrer qu’elle ne représente pas une menace pour le théisme. C’est ce qui explique, en partie du moins, l’attitude conciliante que Brentano adopte à l’endroit du positivisme de Comte même là où ce dernier défendait des positions sensiblement différentes des siennes sur la religion. Brentano réinterprète le rejet de la problématique des causes en montrant que c’est plutôt le « pourquoi » de la causalité qui échappe à la science. Il montre que le mot phénomène n’a pas le même sens chez Kant et chez Comte. Il commente la loi des trois états, dont il critique le caractère linéaire. Enfin, il envisage pour la psychologie une place que Comte lui refuse

Die vier Phasen der Philosophie und ihr augenblicklicher Stand

Layoutgetreues Digitalisat der Ausg.: Stuttgart : Cotta, 1895 Standort: Fachgebiet für Geschichte der Medizin (192) Signatur: 64/I Provenienz: Behring , Emil vo

Propuesta de una reforma de la teoría aristotélica de las categorías

Este dictado de Brentano, de fecha desconocida, llevaba como título original “Teoría de las categorías, última versión” (Kategorienlehre, letzte Fassung) y fue publicado por vez primera con el título que ahora lleva (Versuch zur Reform der Aristotelischen Kategorienlehre) por Alfred Kastil en su recopilación de los escritos y dictados brentanianos sobre las categorías: Franz Brentano, Kategorienlehre. Mit Einleitung und Anmerkungen herausgeben von Alfred Kastil (Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg, 1933) 113-129. A pesar del título original, ciertas tesis que en este escrito se defienden fueron luego abandonadas o puestas en tela de juicio por su autor, por lo que el editor alemán, confrontándolo con otros escritos posteriores, piensa que tuvo que ser dictado antes del mes de septiembre de 1914. El ensayo constituye una muestra excelente del ingente esfuerzo que llevó a cabo Brentano por repensar la doctrina aristotélica de las categorías, tratando de purificarla y corregirla de cuantos errores creyó advertir en ella

Embodiment in High-altitude Mountaineering: Sensing and Working with the Weather

In order to address sociological concerns with embodiment and learning, in this article we explore the ‘weathering’ body in a currently under-researched physical-cultural domain. Weather experiences too are under-explored in sociology, and here we examine in-depth the lived experience of weather, and more specifically ‘weather work’ and ‘weather learning’, in one of the most extreme and corporeally-challenging environments on earth: high-altitude mountains. Drawing on a theoretical framework of phenomenological sociology, and an interview-based research project with 19 international, high-altitude mountaineers, we investigate weather as lived and experienced both corporeally and cognitively. We are particularly interested in conceptualising and theorising the ways in which embodied beings relate to the environment through different aspects of their being. The novel concepts of ‘weather work’ and ‘weather learning’, we argue, provide salient examples of the mind-body-world nexus at work, as an embodied practice and mode of thinking, strongly contoured by the physical culture of high-altitude mountaineering

Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in Heart Failure: Linking β-Adrenergic Stimulation, Stretch, and Calcium

Heart failure (HF) is associated with elevated sympathetic tone and mechanical load. Both systems activate signaling transduction pathways that increase cardiac output, but eventually become part of the disease process itself leading to further worsening of cardiac function. These alterations can adversely contribute to electrical instability, at least in part due to the modulation of Ca2+ handling at the level of the single cardiac myocyte. The major aim of this review is to provide a definitive overview of the links and cross talk between β-adrenergic stimulation, mechanical load, and arrhythmogenesis in the setting of HF. We will initially review the role of Ca2+ in the induction of both early and delayed afterdepolarizations, the role that β-adrenergic stimulation plays in the initiation of these and how the propensity for these may be altered in HF. We will then go onto reviewing the current data with regards to the link between mechanical load and afterdepolarizations, the associated mechano-sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor and other stretch activated channels that may be associated with HF-associated arrhythmias. Furthermore, we will discuss how alterations in local Ca2+ microdomains during the remodeling process associated the HF may contribute to the increased disposition for β-adrenergic or stretch induced arrhythmogenic triggers. Finally, the potential mechanisms linking β-adrenergic stimulation and mechanical stretch will be clarified, with the aim of finding common modalities of arrhythmogenesis that could be targeted by novel therapeutic agents in the setting of HF