Nursery pig performance in response to meal and pelleted diets fed with irradiated or non-irradiated spray-dried animal plasma

Swine research, 2005 is known as Swine day, 2005A 25-d trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding meal and pelleted diets, with or without irradiated spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP; AP 920), on the growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 192 pigs (initially 13.2 ± 1.9 lb and 21 ± 3 d of age) were used, with 6 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Pigs were randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 factorial to pens, blocked by weight, and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments. The main effects were diet form, meal or pellet, and either irradiated SDAP or nonirradiated SDAP. The experimental treatments consisted of a single diet that was fed in either meal or pelleted form, with or without irradiation of SDAP for Phase 1 (d 0 to 11), and a common diet for Phase 2 (d 11 to 25). Pig fed pelleted diets from d 0 to 3 had a greater ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G (P<0.03) than did pigs fed meal diets. Irradiation of SDAP had no effect on performance from d 0 to 3; for d 3 to 11, however, there was a diet form × SDAP irradiation interaction (P < 0.01), and for d 0 to 11 there was interaction for ADG and F/G (P<0.07). Pigs fed irradiated SDAP in meal form had similar growth performance to those fed pelleted treatments. For producers that manufacture their own Phase 1 diet in meal form, use of irradiated SDAP can result in performance equal to that of nursery pigs fed a pelleted diet

Evaluation of different soy protein concentrate sources on growth performance of weanling pigs

Three experiments were conducted using 486 weanling pigs (216 in Experiment 1; 210 in Experiment 2; 60 in Experiment 3) to determine the effects of different soy protein concentrate (SPC) sources on growth performance. Soy protein concentrate source 1 is dried with a torus disk following the concentration of soy proteins. This drying procedure will generate some degree of heat and possibly mechanical forces somewhat similar to extrusion processing (Soycomil P®, ADM). Soy protein concentrate source 2 is dried by a different process, and then it is moist extruded (Profine E, Central Soya). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relative feeding value of the different SPC sources compared with a complex diet containing milk and other specialty proteins (no soy protein), or a diet containing 40% soybean meal. In Experiment 1, each SPC source (28.6%) replaced all the soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet on a lysine basis. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM had similar performance to pigs fed the milk-protein based diet from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed either SPC source had lower ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed either the diet containing 40% SBM or the milkprotein based diet. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM and SPC from source 2 had better F/G than pigs fed the milk-protein based diet or SPC from source 1. In Experiment 2, either all or half of the soybean meal was replaced by the 28.6 or 14.3% SPC from source 1 and 2. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, an SPC source by level interaction was observed for ADG (P<0.01) and ADFI (P<0.07). Replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 1 did not influence pig performance. However, replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 2 resulted in a quadratic (P<0.05) improvement in ADG with performance being improved for the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but no benefit to replacing all the soybean meal with SPC. Replacing soybean meal with SPC from either source influenced feed efficiency in a quadratic (P<0.01) manner with feed efficiency being optimal for pigs consuming the diet with half the soybean meal replaced by SPC. Because replacing all of the soybean meal with SPC reduced ADFI in Experiments 1 and 2, we hypothesized that pigs may not prefer the taste of a diet with a high inclusion rate of SPC (28.6%). To test this theory, a 7-day preference test was conducted to determine feed intake of weanling pigs provided the option of consuming diets containing either 40% soybean meal or 28.6% SPC (from source 2). Average daily feed intake was 0.41 and 0.01 lb for the 40% soybean meal and 28.6% soy protein concentrate diets, respectively (P<0.0001). The poor intake of the SPC diet may indicate a palatability problem when high levels of SPC are included in the diet. Our results suggest replacing a portion of the soybean meal in the diet with SPC from source 2 improves ADG and feed efficiency; however, high levels (28.6%) of SPC should not be included in the diet

The effect of replacing specialty protein sources with synthetic amino acids in phase 2 nursery-pig diets

A 28-d growth study with a total of 1,500 pigs (7 d after weaning and 14.5 lb initial BW) was conducted to compare differences in pig performance when fed either fish meal, poultry meal, or synthetic amino acids in a phase 2 nursery-pig diet. In addition, pigs were fed either a negative-control diet (predominately soybean meal without specialty protein sources) or a positive-control diet containing both blood meal and fish meal. Spray-dried whey was added to all diets at 10% and fat was added at 3%. All diets were formulated to meet minimum amino acid ratios. From d 7 to 17, feeding pigs the positive-control diet or the diet high in synthetic amino acids resulted in improved ADG and F/G (P0.34). When all pigs were fed a common diet from d 17 to 35, similar ADG and F/G were observed between all dietary treatments (P>0.17); but pigs fed the positive-control diet had increased ADFI (P<0.01) compared with that of the negative control or of diets containing fish meal, poultry meal, or synthetic amino acids. For the overall treatment period (d 7 to 35), pigs fed the positive-control diet had greater ADG (P<0.01) and were heavier (P<0.01) than were pigs fed the negative-control diet or fed diets containing fish meal or poultry meal; the performance pigs fed the diet containing high concentrations of synthetic amino acids was intermediate. Pigs fed the positive-control diet also had increased ADFI (P<0.01), compared with that of pigs fed the other dietary treatments. Pigs fed the diet containing high concentrations of synthetic amino acids or the positive-control diet tended to have improved F/G (P<0.07), compared with that of pigs fed the other dietary treatments. In summary, synthetic amino acids were an effective replacement for specialty protein sources, such as fish meal or poultry meal, in the phase 2 diet

The effect of paylean on nursery pig performance

Swine research, 2005 is known as Swine day, 2005A 28-d growth study with a total of 192 weanling pigs (PIC 210 × L42, 21 ± 2 d of age and 14.6 lb initial BW) was conducted to determine the effects on nursery pig performance resulting from feeding Paylean (5 ppm) for 3, 7, or 14 d after weaning. A Phase 1 diet containing 15% spray-dried whey, 3.75% fish meal, and 3% soybean oil was fed to all pigs for the initial 14 d. The diet contained 1.55% lysine, and DL-methionine and L-threonine were added to maintain minimum amino acid ratios. The dietary treatments were formulated with or without Paylean (5 ppm) replacing corn starch. All pigs were fed a Phase 2 diet based on corn and soybean meal, without added specialty ingredients, from d 14 to 28. From d 0 to 3, pigs fed the control diet had increased ADFI (P<0.05), compared with those fed Paylean. From d 0 to 7, as duration of Paylean feeding increased, ADG decreased (linear, P0.23) when a common Phase 2 diet was fed from d 14 to 28 after weaning. Overall, d 0 to 28, ADG decreased (linear, P<0.05) and F/G became poorer (linear, P<0.05) as duration of Paylean feeding increased. Average daily feed intake was unaffected by duration of Paylean feeding (P>0.13). In addition, as duration of Paylean feeding increased from 0 to 14 d, ending weights tended to decrease (linear, P<0.06). In conclusion, feeding Paylean to nursery pigs after weaning reduced performance, and the reduction was greater the longer it was fed after weaning. Paylean should not be fed to newly weaned nursery pigs

The optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and total sulfur amino acid requirement for finishing pigs fed paylean®

A total of 1887 pigs (PIC 337 × C22; 213 lb initial BW) were used in a 28-d growth assay to simultaneously examine both the true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine and TID total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirements. The objective was to determine the appropriate TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio in finishing pigs fed Paylean® (4.5 g/ton) to maximize growth performance and carcass composition. Four TID lysine (0.66. 0.79, 0.92, and 1.05%) and four TID TSAA (0.47, 0.52, 0.57, and 0.63%) concentrations were evaluated. The highest lysine and TSAA concentrations were combined in the same diet, and there were eleven or twelve replicate pens per treatment. The lysine treatments were formulated with a minimum TID TSAA to lysine ratio of 60%, and the TSAA diets were formulated with 1.05% TID lysine. No gender × treatment or treatment × week interactions were observed (P>0.13). Increasing TID lysine increased ADG (linear, P0.76) was not affected by increasing TID TSAA. This resulted in a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of not more than 51% for optimum ADG. Increasing TID lysine did not affect ADFI (P>0.60), but ADFI decreased (linear, P0.11), but increasing TID TSAA from 0.47 to 0.52% tended to improve fat-free lean (quadratic, P0.10). In summary, a TID TSAA-to-lysine ratio of 58% optimizes growth performance of finishing pigs fed Paylean

Effects of a prebiotic, Inulin, and a direct fed microbial on growth performance of weanling pigs

A 32-day growth study with a total of 252 weanling pigs (18 ± 3 d of age) was conducted to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic, Inulin (a fructooligosaccharide derivative of chicory), and a direct fed microbial (Lactobacillus strain) in diets for weanling pigs. Pigs were fed one of six experimental diets containing: 1) no antibiotic or prebiotic (negative control); 2) carbadox (50 g/ton, positive control); 3) direct fed microbial (DFM, 0.1%); 4) Inulin (0.5% and 0.2% of phase I and phase II diets, respectively); 5) carbadox plus DFM; or 6) carbadox plus Inulin. Pigs fed carbadox improved (P<0.04) ADG from d 0 to 14, 14 to 32, and overall (0 to 32) compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox. Pigs fed diets containing carbadox increased (P<0.01) ADFI from d 0 to 14 and tended to have increased (P<0.06) ADFI overall compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox. No differences in ADG or ADFI were seen for pigs fed diets containing either Inulin or the DFM compared to pigs fed diets without Inulin or DFM. Pigs fed the DFM had poorer feed efficiency d 0 to 14 (P<0.03), 14 to 32 (P<0.01), and overall (P<0.01) compared to those fed diets without DFM. Also, there was a trend for pigs fed diets containing Inulin to have poorer feed efficiency (P<0.07) from d 14 to 32 and overall when compared to pigs fed diets without Inulin. There were no additive responses for ADG or ADFI when Inulin or DFM were combined with carbadox. Pigs fed diets containing both the DFM and carbadox resulted in poorer feed efficiency (P<0.02) from d 14 to 32 and overall (0 to 32) than pigs fed diets without carbadox or DFM. Pigs fed the diet containing Inulin and carbadox had poorer feed efficiency from d 0 to 14 (P<0.04) compared to pigs fed diets without carbadox or Inulin. In summary, nursery diets containing either Inulin or the DFM did not enhance growth performance; however, carbadox improved ADG and ADFI

The effect of a probiotic, KE-01, and Neoterramycin on nursery pig growth performance

A 35-d growth study with a total of 168 weanling pigs (21 ± 2 d of age) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a probiotic, (KE-01) and an antibiotic, Neoterramycin (neomycin 140 g/ton, oxytetracycline 140 g/ton), on nursery pig performance. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of antibiotic (none or neomycin 140g/ton and oxytetracycline 140g/ton) or probiotic (none or KE-01, 0.35%). KE-01 is a probiotic containing a novel strain of lactobacillus casei. A KE-01 by Neoterramycin interaction was observed for ADFI (P<0.05) from d 14 to 35, but no other interactions were detected. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had improved (P<0.01) ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared with those of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. Pigs fed diets containing KE- 01 had similar growth performance to that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. From d 14 to 35, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had increased ADG compared with that of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. The ADG of pigs fed diets containing KE-01 did not differ from that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. There was a tendency for pigs fed KE- 01 to consume less feed, whereas pigs fed Neoterramycin ate more (KE-01 × Neoterramycin interaction, P<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing KE-01 tended to have improved F/G (P<0.07), compared with that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. Overall, d 0 to 35, pigs fed diets containing Neoterramycin had increased ADG and ADFI (P<0.01), compared with those of pigs fed diets without Neoterramycin. In addition, pigs fed diets containing KE-01 had similar ADG and ADFI to those of pigs fed diets without KE-01. Pigs fed diets containing KE-01 had improved F/G (P<0.03), compared with that of pigs fed diets without KE-01. In summary, the probiotic, KE-01, did not significantly increase ADG or ADFI, but did improve F/G because it slightly lowered feed intakes. Neoterramycin improved ADG, ADFI, and F/G, compared with those of diets without Neoterramycin in this study

The optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and threonine requirements for growing-finishing pigs from 80 to 130 and 170 to 230 pounds

A total of 4388 pigs (PIC 337 × C22; Exp. 1: 1070 gilts, initially 79 lb BW; Exp. 2: 3318 pigs, initially 170 lb BW) were used in 28-d growth assays to examine both the true-ileal-digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirements, and then determine the appropriate TID threonine-to-lysine ratio in growing-finishing pigs from 80 to 130 lb and 170 to 230 lb. In Exp. 1, four TID lysine (0.71. 0.81, 0.91, and 1.01%) and five TID threonine (0.50, 0.56, 0.62, 0.68 and 0.74%) concentrations were evaluated. In Exp. 2, four TID lysine (0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%), and five TID threonine (0.43, 0.48, 0.53, 0.58 and 0.63%) concentrations were evaluated. The diet with the highest concentration of lysine and second- highest concentration of threonine served as a positive control in both studies, and this diet was combined as one treatment to give a total of nine treatments in each study. Other amino acids were formulated to meet, or exceed, requirement estimates to ensure that lysine and threonine were the only limiting amino acids. In Exp. 1, increasing TID lysine tended to increase ADG (quadratic, P<0.06), with the greatest response occurring from 0.71 to 0.81%. Increasing TID lysine also quadratically increased ADFI (P0.69) or ADFI (P>0.29), but improved F/G (linear, P<0.05), with the maximum response occurring at 0.68% TID threonine. Values of 1.01% TID lysine and 0.68% TID threonine in Exp. 1 suggest an optimal TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of 67% for F/G. In Exp. 2, a treatment × gender interaction was observed for F/G (P<0.02). This was because gilts had a greater response to increasing TID lysine, whereas barrows had a greater response to increasing TID threonine. In Exp. 2, increasing TID lysine improved ADG (linear, P<0.05) in gilts and barrows (P<0.07), and improved F/G (linear, P<0.01) in gilts, as the TID lysine concentration increased to 0.72%. Increasing TID threonine improved ADG and F/G (linear, P<0.04) in barrows and increased ADG and ADFI (linear, P<0.06) in gilts as the threonine concentration increased to 0.48%. Values of 0.72% TID lysine and 0.48% TID threonine in Exp. 2 suggest an optimum TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of 67%. The practical TID threonine-to-lysine ratio suggested by this study for pigs from 80 to 130 lb and from 170 to 230 lb is 67%. Further research is needed to verify these results and evaluate the economics of feeding higher threonine concentrations

Hydrosalinity fluxes in a small scale catchment of the Berg River (South Africa).

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Effects of increasing dried distiller’s grains on feed intake

Recent studies have shown that dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) has an ME value similar to that of corn, but pigs fed diets with DDGS have a lesser feed intake than do those fed corn. We conducted three studies to evaluate the effects of DDGS on palatability and feed intake of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 90 gilts (initially 58.2 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of a diet based on cornsoybean meal, alone or with 30% DDGS from two different sources, on feed preference. Source 1 DDGS was obtained from an ethanol plant built before 1990 and source 2 was obtained from a plant built after 1990. Each pen of pigs had two feeders, one with the cornsoybean meal diet and the other with one of the DDGS sources. There were 10 pens with six pigs per pen and 10 pens with 3 pigs per pen, for a total of 90 gilts; all pigs were blocked by weight. The location of the feeders was moved morning and evening each day. From d 0 to 7, there were no differences in ADFI among the dietary treatments. From d 7 to 13 and overall (d 0 to 13), however, feed intake was less (P<0.01) for both DDGS diets, when compared with the corn-soybean control. In Exp. 2, 187 barrows and gilts (initially 52.1 lb) were used to examine the effects of increasing DDGS (source 2) in a 21-d preference study. Treatments consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, or the control diet with 10, 20, or 30% DDGS. There were 17 pigs per pen and 11 pens. There were four feeders in each pen, each containing a different diet, and the feeders were moved every morning and evening during the trial. During each week for the overall trial, increasing DDGS decreased (linear; P0.33) on feed intake in either the cornsoybean meal or DDGS diets. These studies demonstrate that pigs prefer corn-soybean diets to diets containing DDGS. For these experiments, the source of DDGS or the addition of a feed flavor did not change palatability. Although it seems that the ME content of DDGS could be comparable to that of corn, palatability problems may affect pig performance, even when DDGS included at low rates in the diet