Šíření tvorby hvězd

Hmotné hvězdy představují silné zdroje energie mající podstatný vliv na stav mezihvězdné látky v jejich blízkosti, kterou mnohdy shrnou do husté a chladné obálky. Pokud tato obálka fragmentuje a vytvoří hvězdy, které jsou dostatečně hmotné k tomu aby sami vytvořily další obálky, může docházet k postupnému šíření tvorby hvězd. V této práci studujeme, na základě trojrozměrných hydrody- namických simulací, fragmentaci těchto obálek za účelem odhadu hmotnosti frag- mentů, na které se tyto obálky rozpadají. Malou část povrchu obálky aproximu- jeme rovinnou vrstvou. K výpočtu gravitačního potenciálu v této konfiguraci jsme vyvinuli vlastní numerickou metodu. Hlavní výsledky jsou následující. Za prvé, pomocí numerických modelů testujeme prostor parametrů platnosti několika růz- ných analytických odhadů pro fragmentaci vrstev, a diskutujeme fyzikální příčinu omezené platnosti některých odhadů. Za druhé, u vrstev ohraničených externím prostředím s vysokým tlakem pozorujeme kvalitativně jiný způsob fragmentace, kolaps řízený sléváním. Zatímco vrstvy ohraničené prostředím s nízkým tlakem tvoří odpočátku kolabující fragmenty, vrstvy ohraničené prostředím s vysokým tlakem se nejprve rozpadnou v gravitačně stabilní fragmenty, které se postupně slévají. Za třetí, vyšetřujeme zda se vrstvy během kolapsu samo-organisují a...Massive stars are powerful energetic sources shaping their surrounding interstellar medium, which is often swept up into a cold dense shell. If the shell fragments and forms a new generation of massive stars, the stars may form new shells, and this sequence repeats recursively leading to propagating star formation. Using three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate fragmentation of the shell in order to estimate masses of stars formed in the shell. We develop a new numerical method to calculate the gravitational potential, which enables us to approximate a part of the shell with a plane-parallel layer. Our main results are as follows. Firstly, we compare our numerical calculations to several analytical theories for shell fragmentation, constrain the parameter space of their validity, and discuss the origin of their limitations. Secondly, we report a new qualita- tively different mode of fragmentation - the coalescence driven collapse. While layers with low pressure confinement form monolithically collapsing fragments, layers with high pressure confinement firstly break into stable fragments, which subsequently coalesce. And thirdly, we study whether layers tend to self-organise and form regular patterns as was suggested in literature, and we find no evidence for this conjecture. Based on our...Matematicko-fyzikální fakultaFaculty of Mathematics and Physic

3D Morphology of Open Clusters in the Solar Neighborhood with Gaia EDR3: its Relation to Cluster Dynamics

We analyze the 3D morphology and kinematics of 13 open clusters (OCs) located within 500 pc of the Sun, using Gaia EDR3 and kinematic data from literature. Members of OCs are identified using the unsupervised machine learning method StarGO, using 5D parameters (X, Y, Z, $\mu_\alpha \cos\delta, \mu_\delta$). The OC sample covers an age range of 25Myr--2.65Gyr. We correct the asymmetric distance distribution due to the parallax error using Bayesian inversion. The uncertainty in the corrected distance for a cluster at 500~pc is 3.0--6.3~pc, depending on the intrinsic spatial distribution of its members. We determine the 3D morphology of the OCs in our sample and fit the spatial distribution of stars within the tidal radius in each cluster with an ellipsoid model. The shapes of the OCs are well-described with oblate spheroids (NGC2547, NGC2516, NGC2451A, NGC2451B, NGC2232), prolate spheroids (IC2602, IC4665, NGC2422, Blanco1, Coma Berenices), or triaxial ellipsoids (IC2391, NGC6633, NGC6774). The semi-major axis of the fitted ellipsoid is parallel to the Galactic plane for most clusters. Elongated filament-like substructures are detected in three young clusters (NGC2232, NGC2547, NGC2451B), while tidal-tail-like substructures (tidal tails) are found in older clusters (NGC2516, NGC6633, NGC6774, Blanco1, Coma Berenices). Most clusters may be super-virial and expanding. $N$-body models of rapid gas expulsion with an SFE of $\approx 1/3$ are consistent with clusters more massive than $250\rm M_\odot$, while clusters less massive than 250$\rm M_\odot$ tend to agree with adiabatic gas expulsion models. Only six OCs (NGC2422, NGC6633, and NGC6774, NGC2232, Blanco1, Coma Berenices) show clear signs of mass segregation.Comment: 35 pages, 17 figures, accepted by Ap

Mass segregation - theory and experience

Hmotové přerozdělení hraje důležitou roli ve vývoji self-gravitujících systémů. V důsledku jevu zvaného dynamické tření, tj. ztrát kinetické energie těžkých hvězd vlivem gravitační interakce s mnoha hvězdami lehčími, dochází ke koncentraci těžkých hvězd v jádrech hvězdokup. V této práci přinášíme analytický odhad rychlosti tohoto procesu. Vzhledem k jeho složitosti jsme se pokusili o odhad založený na studiu vybraných - radiálních a kruhových - drah. Naše výsledky byly porovnány s výstupy numerických modelů. S jejich pomocí jsme identi fikovali dráhy, které lze označit za charakteristické pro podsystém těžkých hvězd, tj. takové, jejichž poloměr klesá přibližně stejně rychle, jako poloměr obsahující polovinu hmotnosti všech těžkých hvězd ve hvězdokupě.Mass segregation plays a key role in the evolution of self-gravitating systems. Due to a process of dynamical friction, i.e. a loss of the kinetic energy of heavier stars due to the interaction with many lighter stars, heavier stars concentrate in cores of star clusters. In this work we derive analytical estimate of the rate of this process. Because of its complexity we try to nd our estimate by studying stars on radial and circular orbits. We compare our results with outputs of numerical models. With their help we identify trajectories radii of which decrease with approximately equal rate as a half-mass radius of heavier stars.Astronomical Institute of Charles UniversityAstronomický ústav UKFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult

Propagating star formation

Massive stars are powerful energetic sources shaping their surrounding interstellar medium, which is often swept up into a cold dense shell. If the shell fragments and forms a new generation of massive stars, the stars may form new shells, and this sequence repeats recursively leading to propagating star formation. Using three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate fragmentation of the shell in order to estimate masses of stars formed in the shell. We develop a new numerical method to calculate the gravitational potential, which enables us to approximate a part of the shell with a plane-parallel layer. Our main results are as follows. Firstly, we compare our numerical calculations to several analytical theories for shell fragmentation, constrain the parameter space of their validity, and discuss the origin of their limitations. Secondly, we report a new qualita- tively different mode of fragmentation - the coalescence driven collapse. While layers with low pressure confinement form monolithically collapsing fragments, layers with high pressure confinement firstly break into stable fragments, which subsequently coalesce. And thirdly, we study whether layers tend to self-organise and form regular patterns as was suggested in literature, and we find no evidence for this conjecture. Based on our..

Propagating star formation

Massive stars are powerful energetic sources shaping their surrounding interstellar medium, which is often swept up into a cold dense shell. If the shell fragments and forms a new generation of massive stars, the stars may form new shells, and this sequence repeats recursively leading to propagating star formation. Using three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate fragmentation of the shell in order to estimate masses of stars formed in the shell. We develop a new numerical method to calculate the gravitational potential, which enables us to approximate a part of the shell with a plane-parallel layer. Our main results are as follows. Firstly, we compare our numerical calculations to several analytical theories for shell fragmentation, constrain the parameter space of their validity, and discuss the origin of their limitations. Secondly, we report a new qualita- tively different mode of fragmentation - the coalescence driven collapse. While layers with low pressure confinement form monolithically collapsing fragments, layers with high pressure confinement firstly break into stable fragments, which subsequently coalesce. And thirdly, we study whether layers tend to self-organise and form regular patterns as was suggested in literature, and we find no evidence for this conjecture. Based on our..

The influence of the stellar mass-loss on the dynamics of star clusters

This work aims at studying the influence of the stellar mass-loss, resulting from the stellar evolution, on the dynamics of massive star clusters. The emphasis has been put on the mass-loss by low-mass and intermediate-mass stars (m < 8 Mo) that form, at the end of their life, a planetary nebula. The expansion speed of gas released by these stars is lower than the escape speed from sufficiently massive star clusters, and the gas can be retained by the cluster. For modelling of the gas hydrodynamics, a simple sticky-particles method was used. To carry out simulations in which gaseous and stellar particles mutually interact through their gravity, substantial modifications had to be realized in the N-body codes Nbody6 and Hermit. For the sake of comparing the influence of stellar mass-loss and relaxation processes, which are happening in the simplified model, two types of simulations were performed: one with the formation of gaseous particles and the other consisting of purely stellar component. The simulations in which the gas component was present showed out a significantly different evolution in the central part of the cluster than those in which the presence of gas was not considered

Mass segregation - theory and experience

Mass segregation plays a key role in the evolution of self-gravitating systems. Due to a process of dynamical friction, i.e. a loss of the kinetic energy of heavier stars due to the interaction with many lighter stars, heavier stars concentrate in cores of star clusters. In this work we derive analytical estimate of the rate of this process. Because of its complexity we try to nd our estimate by studying stars on radial and circular orbits. We compare our results with outputs of numerical models. With their help we identify trajectories radii of which decrease with approximately equal rate as a half-mass radius of heavier stars

Do the majority of stars form as gravitationally unbound?

Some of the youngest stars (age $\lesssim 10$ Myr) are clustered, while many others are observed scattered throughout star forming regions or in complete isolation. It has been intensively debated whether the scattered or isolated stars originate in star clusters, or if they form truly isolated, which could help constrain the possibilities how massive stars are formed. We adopt the assumption that all stars form in gravitationally bound star clusters embedded in molecular cloud cores ($\Gamma$-$1\;$ model), which expel their natal gas, and compare the fraction of stars found in clusters with observational data. The star clusters are modelled by the code nbody6, which includes stellar and circumbinary evolution, gas expulsion, and the external gravitational field of their host galaxy. We find that small changes in the assumptions in the current theoretical model estimating the fraction, $\Gamma$, of stars forming in embedded clusters have a large influence on the results, and we present a counterexample as an illustration. This calls into question theoretical arguments about $\Gamma$ in embedded clusters, and it suggests that there is no firm theoretical ground for low $\Gamma$ in galaxies with lower star formation rates (SFRs). Instead, the assumption that all stars form in embedded clusters is in agreement with observational data for the youngest stars (age $\lesssim 10$ Myr). In the $\Gamma$-$1\;$ scenario, the observed fraction of the youngest stars in clusters increases with the SFR only weakly; the increase is caused by the presence of more massive clusters in galaxies with higher SFRs, which release fewer stars to the field in proportion to their mass. The $\Gamma$-$1\;$ model yields a higher fraction of stars in clusters for older stars (age between $10$ and $300$ Myr) than what is observed. This discrepancy can be caused by interactions with molecular clouds.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted to A&

On the dynamical evolution of Cepheids in star clusters

We investigated the occurrence of classical (type-I) Cepheid variable stars (henceforth Cepheids) in dynamically evolving star clusters from birth to an age of approximately 300 Myr. The clusters are modelled by the Aarseth code NBOD