Repensar el futuro de los territorios rurales. Cinco perspectivas de abordaje

[EN] In recent years, the debate on rural territories has gained visibility in the media, in the political arena, and at different levels of administration. From the Urban Planning Research Group of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, we have been contributing to this debate with research that addresses issues related to the morphological analysis of settlements and territories in rural contexts. Throughout these investigations, we have focused on the analysis of problems linked to the imbalance in the distribution of population and activities in the territory and in rural depopulation, with the aim of evaluating the relevance and potential of so many areas, as well as the possibilities of reversing situations and processes of a certain complexity. This article shows some of the perspectives from which we have been reflecting on these territories. These works have in common their trans-scalar approach, the use of new technologies for analysis, the link between research applied to teaching, the implementation of research by design, and the collaboration between university departments and different administrations.[ES] En los últimos años, el debate sobre los territorios rurales ha ganado visibilidad en los medios de comunicación, en el ámbito político y en diferentes niveles de la administración. Desde el Grupo de Investigación en Urbanismo de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, venimos contribuyendo a este debate con investigaciones que abordan temas vinculados al análisis morfológico de poblaciones y territorios en contextos rurales. A lo largode estas investigaciones hemos puesto el foco en el análisis de problemáticas vinculadas al desequilibrio en la distribución de las personas y actividades en el territorio y en la despoblación rural, con el objetivo de evaluar la relevancia y el potencial de tantos ámbitos, así como las posibilidades de revertir situaciones y procesos de cierta complejidad. El presente artículo quiere mostrar algunas de las perspectivas desde las que venimos reflexionando sobre estos territorios. Estos trabajos tienen en común su abordaje transescalar, la utilización de nuevas tecnologías para el análisis, la vinculación entre la investigación aplicada a la docencia, la implementación del research by design y la colaboración entre departamentos universitarios y diferentes administraciones.Agradecemos su soporte al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (proyecto PCI2020-120716-2, financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ y la Unión Europea “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR), al Instituto Cartográfico y Geológico de Catalunya, a la Diputación de Barcelona, a los Ayuntamientos de Guimerà, Vallcebre, Alp y Les Planes d’Hostoles, al Consell Comarcal de la Cerdanya y del Berguedà, y a la Associació pel Desenvolupament Rural de la Catalunya Central, así como la Càtedra en Innovació en Habitatge de la Conselleria d’Habitatge, Obres Públiques i Vertebració del Territori de la Generalitat Valenciana.Cortellaro, S.; Franquesa Sanchez, J.; Moreno Sanz, J.; Pesoa, M.; Sabaté Bel, J. (2022). Rethinking the future of rural territories. Five perspectives of approach. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 9(2):275-300. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2022.177602753009

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery