The Hamiltonian structure of Dirac's equation in tensor form and its Fermi quantization

Currently, there is some interest in studying the tensor forms of the Dirac equation to elucidate the possibility of the constrained tensor fields admitting Fermi quantization. We demonstrate that the bispinor and tensor Hamiltonian systems have equivalent Fermi quantizations. Although the tensor Hamiltonian system is noncanonical, representing the tensor Poisson brackets as commutators for the Heisenberg operators directly leads to Fermi quantization without the use of bispinors

A simple derivation and classification of common probability distributions based on information symmetry and measurement scale

Commonly observed patterns typically follow a few distinct families of probability distributions. Over one hundred years ago, Karl Pearson provided a systematic derivation and classification of the common continuous distributions. His approach was phenomenological: a differential equation that generated common distributions without any underlying conceptual basis for why common distributions have particular forms and what explains the familial relations. Pearson's system and its descendants remain the most popular systematic classification of probability distributions. Here, we unify the disparate forms of common distributions into a single system based on two meaningful and justifiable propositions. First, distributions follow maximum entropy subject to constraints, where maximum entropy is equivalent to minimum information. Second, different problems associate magnitude to information in different ways, an association we describe in terms of the relation between information invariance and measurement scale. Our framework relates the different continuous probability distributions through the variations in measurement scale that change each family of maximum entropy distributions into a distinct family.Comment: 17 pages, 0 figure

Nonlinear modes of the tensor Dirac equation and CPT violation

Recently, it has been shown that Dirac's bispinor equation can be expressed, in an equivalent tensor form, as a constrained Yang-Mills equation in the limit of an infinitely large coupling constant. It was also shown that the free tensor Dirac equation is a completely integrable Hamiltonian system with Lie algebra type Poisson brackets, from which Fermi quantization can be derived directly without using bispinors. The Yang-Mills equation for a finite coupling constant is investigated. It is shown that the nonlinear Yang-Mills equation has exact plane wave solutions in one-to-one correspondence with the plane wave solutions of Dirac's bispinor equation. The theory of nonlinear dispersive waves is applied to establish the existence of wave packets. The CPT violation of these nonlinear wave packets, which could lead to new observable effects consistent with current experimental bounds, is investigated

Child-to-child interaction and corrective feedback in a computer mediated L2 class

The current study examined the provision of corrective feedback and learner repair following feedback in the interactional context of child-to-child conversations, particularly computer mediated, in an elementary Spanish immersion class. The relationship among error types, feedback types, and immediate learner repair were also examined. A total of 46, fifth-grade children participated in the study. Using Blackboard, the instructor randomly paired students and created a "virtual group" for each pair. Each pair was asked to interact and complete a jigsaw task in the "virtual classroom." Blackboard recorded the pairs' interactions, which were later printed and coded for types of error (syntactic/lexical), types of negative feedback (explicit/recasts/negotiation) and immediate learner repairs. Findings indicate that learners did not provide explicit negative feedback. Learners provided implicit negative feedback (recasts and negotiation) while completing the jigsaw task in the virtual classroom. The majority of lexical errors and syntactic errors were corrected using negotiation. Over half of feedback moves led to immediate repair. Negotiation moves proved more effective at leading to immediate repair of errors than did recasts

Alien Registration- Morris, Frank E. (Milo, Piscataquis County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/8458/thumbnail.jp

A study of the impact of childhood experiences on secondary school teachers who are adult children of alcoholics.

Statement of purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore through in-depth interviewing the impact of childhood experiences on secondary teachers who were raised in alcoholic homes, and to raise the awareness of school administrators and secondary teachers about the characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACoAs). This research examined how those experiences influenced teachers\u27 feeling of self, their interpersonal relationships, and their lives in the school workplace. The process. Thirty-three teacher volunteers were drawn from three large secondary schools in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. All participants were asked to be interviewed about their childhood experiences, supply family background data, take an Attitude Audit Questionnaire, and a Gregorc Style Delineator. All participants\u27 names were coded to protect the rights and welfare of the volunteers. Their principals were asked to identify which teachers on their staff were the most controlling, which teachers viewed the world in terms of black or white, who were the most sensitive to criticism, the most isolated, the most responsible, and who most desperately want to please. The findings. Of the thirty-three volunteers, twenty-six teachers self-disclosed in their interviews that they had grown up in a home where there was at least one parent who was a problem drinker. Those ACoAs were affected by their childhood experiences and continue to use past survival tactics in their adult lives. Data suggests that these adults experience problems in interpersonal relationships with their peers and their supervisors. These teachers did not respond in positive ways to their principals, appeared more serious than their colleagues, less trusting of their supervisors, and were more rigid in their attitudes and behaviors than non-ACoA teachers in the study. Conclusions. ACoA teachers work in the secondary schools of Massachusetts, and they exhibit similar symptoms and behaviors to ACoAs in other professions. Data suggests that a significant number of ACoAs may exist in every secondary school. If so, large numbers of ACoAs in a secondary school could negatively effect teacher morale in that school

X-Ray Emission from the Pre-Planetary Nebula Henize 3-1475

We report the first detection of X-ray emission in a pre-planetary nebula, Hen 3-1475. Pre-planetary nebulae are rare objects in the short transition stage between the Asymptotic Giant Branch and planetary nebula evolutionary phases, and Hen 3-1475, characterised by a remarkable S-shaped chain of optical knots, is one of the most noteworthy members of this class. Observations with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) onboard the Chandra X-Ray observatory show the presence of compact emission coincident with the brightest optical knot in this bipolar object, which is displaced from the central star by 2.7 arcsec along the polar axis. Model fits to the X-ray spectrum indicate an X-ray temperature and luminosity, respectively, of (4.3-5.7) 10^6 K and (4+/-1.4) 10^{31} (D/5 kpc)^2 erg s^{-1}, respectively. Our 3-sigma upper limit on the luminosity of compact X-ray emission from the central star in Hen 3-1475 is ~5 10^{31} (D/5 kpc)^2 erg s^{-1}. The detection of X-rays in Hen 3-1475 is consistent with models in which fast collimated post-AGB outflows are crucial to the shaping of planetary nebulae; we discuss such models in the context of our observations.Comment: 2 figure

Lack of evidence for decreased protein stability in the 2397 (Met) haplotype of the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 protein implicated in Parkinson’s disease

Missense mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the leading genetic cause of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson’s disease. We previously reported that two mutations within the ROC domain, namely R1441C and A1442P, exhibit increased protein degradation leading to lowered steady state LRRK2 protein levels in HEK293 cells. More recently, the common WD40 domain LRRK2 haplotype, Met2397, which is a risk factor for Crohn’s disease, has been shown to lower steady state protein levels in HEK293 cells. In view of recent evidence implicating LRRK2 and inflame-mation in PD, we investigated the effects of Met2397 on LRRK2 expression, and compared them to the Thr2397 variant and other LRRK2 mutants. In this study, we transfected HEK293 cells with plasmid constructs encoding the different LRRK2 variants, and analyzed the resulting protein levels by Western blot and flow cytometry. Here we found that both the Met2397 and Thr2397 haplotypes yield similar levels of LRRK2 protein expression and do not appear to impact cell viability in HEK293 cells, compared to other LRRK mutants. Thus, we have concluded that the Met2397 haplotype is unlikely to play a role in LRRK2 mediated or idiopathic PD