Impact of the Application of Landfill Leachate on the Germination of Senna macranthera in Different Substrates

Landfill leachate is a potential environmental pollutant. Physicochemical analyses allow identifying its elements while the use of ecotoxicological tests aims to understand the relation with the environment. The germination assay of Senna macranthera in different substrates (filter paper, commercial-SCM, conventional-SCV and organic-SOR) was performed with different doses of leachate. The objective was to identify the potential impact of leachate by determining the concentration able to cause inhibition in 50% of the seeds (LC50) and the values of the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). The LC50 and LOEC occurred in the treatments with 6.25 while NOEC was with 3.125%. The test in substrates, It was not possible to identify the LC50 in the SCM. For the SCV was with 66 and in SOR with 25%. The NOEC and LOEC for SCM and SCV were 25 and 50% and in SOR with 50 and 100%.O lixiviado de aterro é um potencial poluente ambiental. Análises físico-químicas permitem identificar seus elementos enquanto o uso de testes ecotoxicológicos visa compreender a relação com o ambiente. O ensaio de germinação de Senna macranthera em diferentes substratos (papel de filtro, comercial-SCM, convencional-SCV e orgânica-SOR) foi realizada com diferentes doses de lixiviado. O objetivo foi identificar o impacto potencial do lixiviado via determinação da concentração capaz de causar inibição em 50% do sementes (CL50) e os valores da concentração de efeito não observável (CENO) e a concentração de efeitos observados (CEO). A CL50 e a CEO ocorreu nos tratamentos com 6,25% enquanto a CENO ocorreu com 3,125%. Não foi possível identificar o CL50 no SCM. Para o SCV ocorreu com 66% e em SOR com 25%. A CENO e CEO para SCM e SCV foram 25% e 50% e em SOR com 50% e 100%

Environmental Impact of Solubilized Extract of Coffee Waste on Terrestrial Organism

O consumo do café, bebida, é responsável pela geração de uma massa residual denominada borra de café residual. Estudos de impacto ambiental sobre esse material e/ou aqueles oriundos da sua decomposiçãosão escassos. Desse modo, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar o potencial de impacto ambiental do extrato solubilizado da borra de café (BC) residual via efeito de fuga com minhocas Eisenia fetida, em solo arenoso e argiloso. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 3 repetições para ambos os solos. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - 3,125%; T2 – 6,25%; T3 – 12,5%; T4 – 25%; T5 – 50% e T6 – 100% de extrato BC em função do volume para umedecer cada solo.Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, com auxílio do software BioEstat 5.0.Identificou-se que o extrato BC, de maneira geral não apresentou efeito tóxico potencial. Todavia, cabe ressaltar que em doses equivalentes a 100% da umidade na capacidade de campo, ocorreu fuga dos organismos, o que revela toxicidade, para ambos os solos.The consumption of coffee beverage is responsible for the production of a residual mass called residual coffee waste. Environmental impact studies on this material and/or those resulting from its decomposition are scarce. Thus, the present work aimed to identify the potential of environmental impact of the solubilized extract of the residual coffee waste (BC) via leakage effect with Eiseniafetida earthworms in sandy and clayey soil. A completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replicates for both soils was used. The treatments were: T1 - 3.125%; T2 = 6.25%; T3 - 12.5%; T4 - 25%; T5 - 50% and T6 - 100% of BC extract as a function of the volume to dampen each soil. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out, as well as comparisons of Tukey's test hair at 5% probability of each month, with the help of software BioEstat 5.0 and the available graphics made without software SigmaPlot 12.5.It was identified that the extract BC, in general did not present potential toxic effect. However, it is noteworthy that at doses equivalent to 100% of the moisture in the field capacity, leaks occurred, which reveals toxicity, for both soils

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CAUSED BY RESIDUAL VEGETABLE OIL IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM

Vegetable oils are widely used for food production at different levels: domestic, commercial or industrial. The estimated production of vegetable oil, in Brazil, is three billion liters per year. Only 2.5% of cooking oil waste (WCO) are recycled. This paper presents to evaluate the environmental impact of OVR in two Brazilian soils (sandy and loamy) and to estimate the terrestrial toxicity level (leakage test) and phytotoxicity (germination tests using lettuce seeds - Lactuca sativa L. – as well as in lettuce cultivation under greenhouse conditions). After leaching, the sandy soil had a slight lower WCO adsorption capacity than the clayey soil. The introduction of WCO caused clayey soil compaction. The WCO presence was toxic to earthworms, regardless of soil type. WCO negatively influenced germination and radicle growth in the eco toxicity assays. The different tested doses of WCO in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation caused changes in plant morphology for all physical parameters analyzed for both soils. We concluded that the WCO is a potential contaminant residue when improperly disposed over the soil, compromising the soil-plant system.Vegetable oils are widely used for food production at different levels: domestic, commercial or industrial. The estimated production of vegetable oil, in Brazil, is three billion liters per year. Only 2.5% of cooking oil waste (WCO) are recycled. The environmental impacts caused by WCO arrangement in soils still need to be better studied. The interaction of soils and organic pollutants makes it difficult to evaluate its behavior in the environment. This paper presents to evaluate the environmental impact of OVR in two Brazilian soils (sandy and loamy) and to estimate the terrestrial toxicity level (leakage test) and phytotoxicity (germination tests using lettuce seeds - Lactuca sativa L. – as well as in lettuce cultivation under greenhouse conditions). After leaching, the sandy soil had a slight lower WCO adsorption capacity than the clayey soil. The introduction of WCO caused clayey soil compaction. The WCO presence was toxic to earthworms, regardless of soil type. WCO negatively influenced germination and radicle growth in the eco toxicity assays. The different tested doses of WCO in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation caused changes in plant morphology for all physical parameters analyzed for both soils. We concluded that the WCO is a potential contaminant residue when improperly disposed over the soil, compromising the soil-plant system

Ecotoxicological evaluation of the application of landfill leachate on the germination of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

In sanitary landfills occurs the disposal of varied variety of residues that lead to the formation of leachate generated from the decomposition of urban solid wastes. Special attention should be given to leachate, as it may affect natural resources. The adoption of ecotoxicity tests may contribute to understand the relationship of pollutant with the environment in case of disposal or spillage. Thus, germination trials with cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) submitted to different dosages of landfill leachate (3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) were proposed in two substrates: paper filter and soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of the leachate on the germination of cabbage seeds, through the LC50 and the values of NOEC and LOEC. In both substrates it was not possible to determine the LC50 from the doses tested. In the paper test, the determination of LOEC, occurred with treatment 3.125%. For the soil test, the LOEC value is obtained with the 50% dose. The species presents a high potential for ecotoxicity bioassays to determine environmental impact, due to its sensitivity to variations in the environment

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of the solubilized extract of the coffee waste using Allium cepa as a test system

The residual biomasses of coffee and other beverages generated in coffee shops, restaurants, residences, bars among others do not have registers due to the difficulty of quantifying this type of waste in different places. To analyze the toxic effects for substance or mixed substances improperly discarded should be performed toxicity tests that aim to predict the potential impact of a xenobiotic on the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the solubilized extract of coffe waste on the germination and development of onion seedlings (A. cepa), as well as to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this extract in onion root meristematic cells. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of five treatments for the test group and two control group. For all treatments, 5 replicates were used. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity test, 5 seedlings of each treatment were removed after the germination process. Thus, from the treatment T2, the extract was able to provide a deleterious effect on germination and root growth. The extract presented a genotoxic effect in the concentration of T2 to T5 treatments, and in addition to genotoxicity, T3 to T5 treatments also showed a cytotoxic effect

Evaluation of the impact of the leached and solubilized extracts on the germination of cabbage seeds (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

The germination and seedling root development trials have been used to evaluate and quantify the toxicity of water-soluble compounds as well as mixtures of complex substances, leached, among others. The objective was to evaluate the impact of leached and solubilized extracts of coffee waste on the germination and development of cabbage seedlings (B. oleracea var. Capitata), as well as to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of these extracts. The extracts were prepared according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards 10.005 and 10.006, respectively. The experimental design had 7 treatments for the test group (leached), 7 treatments for the test group (solubilized) and one control group. The control group was composed of 4 mL distilled water. It was verified that from the lowest dosage administered (0.1 mL) there was an inhibition in the germination of 30% for both extracts. Starting the dose with 0.7 mL of leached, no root growth was observed. The determination of LOEC was established in the treatments with 0.1 mL for both extracts

Study on the use of Artemia salina as bioindicator in the ecotoxicological evaluation of landfill leachate

Landfill leachate deserves special attention because it presents itself as a potentially polluting liquid that can attack nearby natural resources if it is not carefully treated and disposed of in a controlled manner, or it may be reused in other activities. The present work had the objective of evaluating the toxicity of untreated landfill leachate on the test organism A. salina. The physical chemical characterization of the landfill leachate for the presence of metals and salts was performed according to the methodology proposed by the American Public Health Association - APHA (2005). After hatching, about 10 nauples of A. salina were transferred to 15 x 150 mm test tubes containing 10 mL (saline water and the landfill leach to be tested). Seven treatments with four replicates were used. The LC5048h of the landfill leachate used in the present study was mathematically obtained in the dose with 28.4% of leachate. The parameters of salinity, ammonia and sulfates are directly related to the value of the LC5048h

Aspectos Associados à Degradação Ambiental e ao Uso de Efluentes na Agricultura do Brasil

The exploration of natural resources throughout history disregarded the impacts caused on their continuity in meeting human needs. Water is of major concern worldwide, and its scarcity makes rational use an unavoidable attitude. The use of effluents in agriculture can contribute to reducing the exploration of water resources. This study presented a bibliographical discussion and survey on reuse of waste - effluent / wastewater in agriculture - using as tools: the history of exploration and the degradation of natural resources in urban and rural areas; And an overview of the use of effluents in agriculture. It is concluded that the degradation of natural resources, combined with climate change and the constant increase of population and their needs, are the basic subsidies to stimulate research on the use of effluents, in agriculture and related activities.A exploração dos recursos naturais ao longo da história desconsiderou os impactos causados sobre a sua continuidade no atendimento às necessidades humanas. A água apresenta a maior preocupação a nível mundial, e a sua escassez torna o uso racional uma atitude inevitável. A utilização de efluentes na agricultura pode contribuir na redução da exploração dos recursos hídricos. Esse estudo apresentou uma discussão e levantamento bibliográfico sobre reaproveitamento de resíduo - efluente/água residuária na agricultura - utilizando como ferramentas: o histórico da exploração e a degradação dos recursos naturais em áreas urbanas e rurais; e um panorama do uso de efluentes na agricultura. Conclui-se que a degradação dos recursos naturais, aliada as mudanças climáticas e ao constante aumento da população e de suas necessidades, são os subsídios básicos para que se estimulem as pesquisas quanto ao uso de efluentes, na agricultura e atividades afins

Avaliação do Impacto do Extrato Solubilizado da Borra de Café sobre de Germinação de Sementes de Alface

Per capita coffee consumption in Brazil is estimated at 4.9 kg of roasted and ground coffee, which leads to a high generation of residual coffee grounds. The decomposition process promotes, among others, the formation of liquids. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental, ecotoxicological impact of the solubilized extract of coffee grounds on lettuce seeds. A completely randomized design with seven treatments with three replications was used. Ten lettuce seeds were placed in a Petri dish with filter paper substrate and moistened with 4.0 mL. equivalent to treatments. There was a negative effect of BCR extract on the germination rate but it was not possible to determine the LC50 dose with the tested treatments. Sublethal effect was observed from root growth of lettuce with increasing doses. The CEO was established on 0.1 mL treatment. Thus, it is evident that the species studied has low tolerance to the pollutant and that it presents itself as a potentially polluting substance.O consumo per capita de café no Brasil é estimado em 4,9 kg de café torrado e moído o que remete a uma elevada geração de borra de café residual. O processo de decomposição promove dentre outros, a formação de líquidos. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto ambiental, ecotoxicológico do extrato solubilizado da borra de café em de sementes de alface. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com três repetições. Foram colocadas 10 sementes de alface em placa de Petri com substrato papel de filtro e umedeceu-se com 4,0 mL.. Houve um efeito negativo do extrato BCR sobre a taxa de germinação porém não foi possível determinar a dose CL50 com os tratamentos testados. Observou-se efeito subletal a partir do crescimento radicular de alface com o aumento das doses. A CEO foi estabelecida no tratamento com 0,1 mL. Com isso, evidencia-se que a espécie estudada possui baixa tolerância ao poluente e que o mesmo se apresenta como uma substância potencialmente poluidora

Effect of landfill leachate on germination of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.)

The constant changes in the relation of consumption increased solid waste generation. Associated to this is the formation of leachate that accumulate in landfills, presenting as an effluent with high polluting potential. The physico-chemical analyzes allow to identify and quantify the elements present. However, it is also important to carry out ecotoxicological tests to understand the relationship with the environment. Germination assays with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) submitted to different dosages of landfill leachate (3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) were proposed in two substrates: filter paper and soil. The objective of this work was evaluate the direct and indirect impact of the leachate on the germination of lettuce seeds, through determination of the LC50 and the values of NOEC and LOEC. In both trials it was not possible to determine the LC50 from the doses tested. The filter paper test showed to be more restrictive asthe determination of LOEC-0 occurred with the treatment of 3.125%. For the soil test the results are more flexible, the LOEC value is obtained with the 25% dose. The physiological behavior of the lettuce showed different relations from the introduction of the pollutant, but mainly in relation to the substrate used for germination