Effects of microbial inoculants and amino acid production by-product on fermentation and chemical composition of sugarcane silages

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation patterns and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages with addition of amino acid production (monosodium glutamate) by-product (APB) and microbial inoculants. Mature sugarcane was chopped and ensiled in laboratory silos (n = 4/treatment) without additives (control) and with APB (10 g/kg), Pioneer 1174® (PIO, 1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Pioneer), Lalsil Cana (2.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri, Lallemand) or Mercosil Maís 11C33® (1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri + Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Timac Agro). Fresh silage and silage liquor samples were obtained to assess pH, chemical composition and organic acid concentrations. Silage temperature was recorded throughout seven days to evaluate aerobic stability. The addition of APB decreased lactic acid levels, increased pH and N-NH3 and did not alter ethanol, acetic and butyric acids concentrations or dry matter (DM) losses. Microbial inoculants enhanced acetic acid levels, although only Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® lowered ethanol, butyric acid and DM losses. The addition of APB increased CP content and did not modify DM, soluble carbohydrates contents or in vitro dry matter digestibility. Additives did not alter silage maximum temperature or temperature increasing rate; however, Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® increased the time elapsed to reach maximum temperature. Monosodium glutamate production by-product does not alter fermentation patterns or aerobic stability of sugarcane silages, whereas homofermentative bacteria can provide silages of good quality

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in milk from positive cows in the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test: implications for human tuberculosis infections

Although the tuberculin test represents the main in vivo diagnostic method used in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, few studies have focused on the identification of mycobacteria in the milk from cows positive to the tuberculin test. The aim of this study was to identify Mycobacterium species in milk samples from cows positive to the comparative intradermal test. Milk samples from 142 cows positive to the comparative intradermal test carried out in 4,766 animals were aseptically collected, cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media and incubated for up to 90 days. Colonies compatible with mycobacteria were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen to detect acid-fast bacilli, while to confirm the Mycobacterium genus, conventional PCR was performed. Fourteen mycobacterial strains were isolated from 12 cows (8.4%). The hsp65 gene sequencing identified M. engbaekii (n=5), M. arupense (n=4), M. nonchromogenicum (n=3), and M. heraklionense (n=2) species belong to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Despite the absence of M. tuberculosis complex species in the milk samples, identification of these mycobacteria highlights the risk of pathogen transmission from bovines to humans throughout milk or dairy products, since many of mycobacterial species described here have been reported in pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people

Monensin intake via mineral supplement by beef cattle under grasslands

Quatrocentos e trinta bovinos de corte em crescimento (peso vivo inicial médio de 250 kg) foram alocados de acordo com o sexo e raça em 3 blocos completos, contendo 3 tratamentos, num total de 9 parcelas experimentais. Semanalmente avaliou-se o consumo de um suplemento mineral controle (TC = Nutron PROBEEF 60), e dois suplementos medicados com monensina sódica (TR = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm de monensina sódica na forma de Rumensin 200 e TM = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm de monensina sódica em veículo especial da ELANCO SAÙDE ANIMAL). Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem de gramíneas tropicais, sob lotação contínua. O consumo de suplemento também foi estimado individualmente em cada animal por 4 ocasiões a intervalos de 28 dias, utilizando-se lítio como marcador sanguíneo. A adição de monensina sódica ou Rumensin reduziu o consumo médio de suplemento pelo rebanho (TC=56,9g/cab/dia, TR=27,5g/cab/dia, TM=36,1g/cab/dia, P<0,05). Os tratamentos aditivados com monensina apresentaram menor consumo médio (P<0,01), menor quantidade consumida por visita ao cocho (P<0,01), menor freqüência de visitas (P<0,01) e menor probabilidade de consumo do suplemento (P<0,01).A four hundred thirty growing beef cattle (250 kg initial live weight) were allocated by gender and breed in three complete blocks, comprising three treatments, in a total of nine plots. Weekly there were made intake evaluations of the control plot with mineral supplement (TC = Nutron PROBEEF 60), and of the two with monensin supplements added (TR = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm monensin sodium as Rumensin 200 and TM = Nutron PROBEEF 60 + 1500 ppm monensin sodium in a special medium made by ELANCO ANIMAL HEALTH). The animals were maintained in tropical grasslands under continuous stocking. The individual intake was estimated in four occasions with a twenty eight days interval, using lithium as blood marker. The addition of monensin sodium or Rumensin reduced the mean intake of supplement by the herd. (TC=56,9g/head/day, TR=27,5g/head/day, TM=36,1g/head/day, P<0,05). The treatments with added monensin showed reduced mean intake (P<0,01), reduced amount consumed per trough visit (P<0,01) reduced visit frequency (P<0,01) and reduced the probability of intake (P<0,01)

RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA EM COLIFORMES TOTAIS ISOLADOS DE TANQUES DE REFRIGERAÇÃO DE LEITE BOVINO

O leite adequado ao consumo deve possuir qualidade higiênica, valor nutritivo e a manutenção das propriedades organolépticas. O isolamento de coliformes totais e/ou fecais de leite bovino é considerado um indicador de sanidade e de boas práticas de manejo, podendo ser usado como indicador de qualidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e observar o perfil de resistência de coliformes presentes em tanques de refrigeração coletivos e individuais de acondicionamento de leite. Foram colhidas 89 amostras de leite de tanques coletivos e isolados 21 Klebsiella spp., uma Escherichia coli (E. coli) e 29 Enterobacter spp., e 102 amostras de leite de tanques individuais das quais foram isolados uma Klebsiella spp. e sete Enterobacter spp. Dos tanques coletivos, aproximadamente 47% de Klebsiella spp. e Enterobacter spp. foram resistentes para cefalexina e 30% para ampicilina. Destes, no mínimo 24% apresentaram multirresistência. Entre os isolados de tanques individuais, 85% ou mais apresentaram resistência para ampicilina. O fenótipo ESBL e o gene blaTEM foram detectados em linhagens de Klebsiella spp. isoladas de ambos os tanques. Constatou-se contaminação do leite com coliformes totais resistentes e, principalmente, que o armazenamento do leite cru de vários pequenos produtores em tanques coletivos potencializa o risco de contaminação. Palavras-chave: E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., multirresistência, vacas de leit

Resistência antimicrobiana em coliformes totais isolados de tanques de refrigeração de leite bovino

Milk that is adequate for consumption must be of hygienic quality, nutritional value, and should maintain its organoleptic properties. Isolation of fecal and/or total coliforms from bovine milk is considered an indicator of hygiene and good management practices, and can be used as a quality indicator. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the resistance profile of coliforms isolated from collective bulk tanks and individual milk tanks. A total of 89 milk samples were collected from collective bulk tanks and, from these, 21 Klebsiella spp., one E. coli, and 29 Enterobacter spp. were isolated, whereas 102 milk samples from individual tanks showed isolation of one Klebsiella spp. and seven Enterobacter spp. In collective bulk tanks, at least 47% of Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. were resistant to cephalexin and 30% to ampicillin. From these, at least 24% showed multidrug resistance. Among the microorganisms isolated from the individual tanks, 85% or more were resistant to ampicillin. The ESBL phenotype and the blaTEM gene were detected in strains of Klebsiella spp. isolated from both tanks. It was concluded that contamination of milk with resistant total coliforms, and especially the storage of raw milk from several small producers in the collective bulk tank increase the risk of contamination.O leite adequado ao consumo deve possuir qualidade higiênica, valor nutritivo e a manutenção das propriedades organolépticas. O isolamento de coliformes totais e/ou fecais de leite bovino é considerado um indicador de sanidade e de boas práticas de manejo, podendo ser usado como indicador de qualidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e observar o perfil de resistência de coliformes presentes em tanques de refrigeração coletivos e individuais de acondicionamento de leite. Foram colhidas 89 amostras de leite de tanques coletivos e isolados 21 Klebsiella spp., uma Escherichia coli (E. coli) e 29 Enterobacter spp., e 102 amostras de leite de tanques individuais das quais foram isolados uma Klebsiella spp. e sete Enterobacter spp. Dos tanques coletivos, aproximadamente 47% de Klebsiella spp. e Enterobacter spp. foram resistentes para cefalexina e 30% para ampicilina. Destes, no mínimo 24% apresentaram multirresistência. Entre os isolados de tanques individuais, 85% ou mais apresentaram resistência para ampicilina. O fenótipo ESBL e o gene blaTEM foram detectados em linhagens de Klebsiella spp. isoladas de ambos os tanques. Constatou-se contaminação do leite com coliformes totais resistentes e, principalmente, que o armazenamento do leite cru de vários pequenos produtores em tanques coletivos potencializa o risco de contaminação

Etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and epidemiological aspects in canine otitis: a retrospective study of 616 cases<br>Etiologia, perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e aspectos epidemiológicos na otite canina: estudo retrospectivo de 616 casos

A retrospective study of etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and multiple drug resistance, and major epidemiological aspects were investigated in 616 cases of canine otitis. Staphylococcus ? hemolitic (26.27%), Malassezia pachydermatis (12.35%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%) were the most common microorganisms identified. The isolates were susceptible mainly to norfloxacin (89.62%), gentamicin (83.25%), and ofloxacin (80.16%). High occurrence of resistance of isolates was observed to neomicin (30.84%) and cephalexin (27.63%). Multiple drug resistance to three or more and five or more of antimicrobials tested was observed in 34.9% and 15.5% of isolates, respectively. The cases of canine otitis occurred predominantly in first years of age, in mixed breeds animals, at autumn season. The presence of itch, bad smell, and secretion in ear conduct were the major signs observed at clinical examination.<p><p> Estudo retrospectivo da etiologia, perfil de sensibilidade microbiana, ocorrência de multirresistência dos isolados e os principais aspectos epidemiológicos foram investigados em 616 casos de otite canina. Staphylococcus ? hemolítico (26,27%), Malassezia pachydermatis (12,35%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8,8%) foram os micro-organismos mais frequentes. Os isolados foram sensíveis “in vitro” principalmente a norfloxacina (89,62%), gentamicina (83,25%) e ofloxacina (80,16%). Alta ocorrência de resistência das linhagens foi observada frente à neomicina (30,84%) e cefalexina (27,63%). A ocorrência de resistência múltipla a três ou mais e cinco ou mais dos antimicrobianos foi observada em, respectivamente, 34,9% e 15,5% dos isolados. Os casos ocorreram predominantemente nos primeiros anos de idade, em animais sem raça definida, no período do outono. A presença de prurido, mau cheiro e secreção no conduto auditivo foram os principais sinais observados ao exame clínico

Etiologia, perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e aspectos epidemiológicos na otite canina: estudo retrospectivo de 616 casos

A retrospective study of etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and multiple drug resistance, and major epidemiological aspects were investigated in 616 cases of canine otitis. Staphylococcus beta hemolitic (26.27%), Malassezia pachydermatis (12.35%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.8%) were the most common microorganisms identified. The isolates were susceptible mainly to norfloxacin (89.62%), gentamicin (83.25%), and ofloxacin (80.16%). High occurrence of resistance of isolates was observed to neomicin (30.84%) and cephalexin (27.63%). Multiple drug resistance to three or more and five or more of antimicrobials tested was observed in 34.9% and 15.5% of isolates, respectively. The cases of canine otitis occurred predominantly in first years of age, in mixed breeds animals, at autumn season. The presence of itch, bad smell, and secretion in ear conduct were the major signs observed at clinical examination

Occurrence of mycobacteria in bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: Mycobacterium spp. is one of the most important species of zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted from cattle to humans. The presence of these opportunistic, pathogenic bacteria in bovine milk has emerged as a public-health concern, especially among individuals who consume raw milk and related dairy products. To address this concern, the Brazilian control and eradication program focusing on bovine tuberculosis, was established in 2001. However, bovine tuberculosis continues to afflict approximately 1,3 percent of the cattle in Brazil. In the present study, 300 samples of milk from bovine herds, obtained from both individual and collective bulk tanks and informal points of sale, were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests and restriction-enzyme pattern analysis were then performed on the colonies exhibiting phenotypes suggestive of Mycobacterium spp., which were characterized as acid-fast bacilli.Results: Of the 300 bovine milk samples that were processed, 24 were positively identified as Mycobacterium spp.Molecular identification detected 15 unique mycobacterial species: Mycobacterium bovis, M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare, M. flavescens, M. duvalii, M. haemophilum, M. immunogenum, M. lentiflavum, M. mucogenicum, M. novocastrense, M. parafortuitum, M. smegmatis, M. terrae and M. vaccae. The isolation of bacteria from the various locations occurred in the following proportions: 9 percent of the individual bulk-tank samples, 7 percent of the collective bulk-tank samples and 8 percent of the informal-trade samples. No statistically significant difference was observed between the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in the three types of samples collected, the milk production profiles, the presence of veterinary assistance and the reported concerns about bovine tuberculosis prevention in the herds.Conclusion: The microbiological cultures associated with PCR-based identification tests are possible tools for the investigation of the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk samples. Using these methods, we found that the Brazilian population may be regularly exposed to mycobacteria by consuming raw bovine milk and related dairy products. These evidences reinforces the need to optimize quality programs of dairy products, to intensify the sanitary inspection of these products and the necessity of further studies on the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk and milk-based products. © 2013 Franco et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd