Metabolic response of intestinal microbiota to guar gum consumption

Food additive; Guar gum; PrebioticAdditiu alimentari; Goma guar; PrebiòticAditivo alimentario; Goma guar; PrebióticoBackground: Guar gum is used extensively as a thickening agent in food, but it remains uncertain whether and to what extent it is fermented by colonic microbiota and whether it has microbiota modulatory properties. Aim: To determine the metabolic response of intestinal microbiota to guar gum consumption, specifically, the extent of initial fermentation and subsequent adaptation. Methods: Single-center, single arm, open label, proof-of-concept study testing the effect of guar gum on microbiota metabolism and adaptation. Healthy male subjects (n = 12) were administered gum guar (8 g/day) for 18 days. Outcomes were measured before, at initial and late administration: (a) anal gas evacuations (number/day); (b) digestive sensations (daily scales); and (c) fecal gut microbiota taxonomy and metabolic functions by shotgun sequencing. Results: At initial consumption, guar gum induced a transient increase in anal gas evacuations and digestive sensations; gas evacuation completely reverted upon continuous administration, whereas sensations reverted only in part. Guar gum induced moderate changes in human microbiota composition at both taxonomic and functional levels. Positive associations between effects on microbiota (proliferation of Agathobaculum butyriciproducens and Lachnospira pectinoschiza) and hedonic sensations were detected. Conclusion: Guar gum is metabolized by intestinal microbiota, and, upon continuous consumption, induces a selective adaptation of microbial taxonomy and function. These data highlight the potential interest of guar gum for novel prebiotic ingredient formulation.This work was supported in part by the projects PID2021-122295OB-I00 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain). Ciberehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Macrogol: Evaluación de la percepción de efectividad y calidad de vida en individuos con estreñimiento

Introduction: Constipation has a prevalence of 14-30% in Spain, its cause is multifactorial and negatively affects people’s well-being and quality of life. Treatments for functional constipation include osmotic laxatives such as Macrogol 4000. The degree of satisfaction with laxatives is proportional to the perceived effectiveness and improvement in quality of life. Method: a survey was conducted in Spanish pharmacies among 100 consumers who purchased Macrogol 4000 as a medical device, in order to treat the symptoms of constipation. Changes in quality of life and subjective perception of effectiveness were measured after 4, 8 and 14 days of treatment using CATI methodology, based on telephone surveys. Results: After 14 days of consumption, a significant reduction (p<0.05) in physical and psychosocial discomfort was observed. Responses on the effectiveness perception questionnaires improved after day 8. The number of responses expressing agreement with subjective perceptions of relief from constipation (81%-97%), of well-being (90%-96%) and of improved physical sensations (77%-97%) increased. At the end of the study, 95% of participants were satisfied or very satisfied with the chosen treatment. Conclusions: The use of Macrogol 4000 for 14 days improves physical and psychosocial discomfort at the same time as there is an increase in the perception of its effectiveness in individuals with functional constipation.Introducción: El estreñimiento tiene una prevalencia del 14-30% en España, su causa es multifactorial y afecta negativamente al bienestar y a la calidad de vida de las personas. Entre los tratamientos para el estreñimiento funcional se encuentran los laxantes osmóticos como Macrogol 4000. El grado de satisfacción con los laxantes es proporcional a la efectividad y mejora de la calidad de vida percibidas. Método: se realizó una encuesta en farmacias españolas a 100 consumidores que adquirían Macrogol 4000 como producto sanitario, con objeto de tratar los síntomas del estreñimiento. Se midieron los cambios en la calidad de vida y la percepción subjetiva de la efectividad a los 4, 8 y 14 días de tratamiento empleando la metodología CATI, basada en encuestas telefónicas. Resultados: Tras 14 días de consumo se observó una reducción significativa (p<0,05) del malestar físico y psicosocial. Las respuestas a los cuestionarios de percepción de efectividad mejoraron a partir del octavo día. Aumentó el acuerdo con las percepciones subjetivas de alivio del estreñimiento (81%-97%), de bienestar (90%-96%) y mejora de las sensaciones físicas (77%-97%). Al final del estudio, el 95% de los sujetos estaba satisfecho o muy satisfecho con el tratamiento elegido. Conclusiones: El uso del producto sanitario Macrogol 4000 durante 14 días mejora el malestar físico y psicosocial al mismo tiempo que se produce un incremento de la percepción de su efectividad en individuos con estreñimiento funcional

Digestive Symptoms in Healthy People and Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Altres ajuts: Supported in full by Danone ResearchThe aim of this study was to validate the ability of symptom frequency questionnaire to differentiate between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and healthy subjects. A digestive symptom frequency questionnaire (DSFQ) was previously used in a food efficacy trial in a non-IBS population with mild gastrointestinal symptoms. We compared 2 well-defined populations: 100 IBS patients fulfilling Rome III criteria (mean age 32 y; range, 18 to 59 y), and 100 sex-matched and age-matched healthy subjects. Frequency of individual digestive symptoms (abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating, flatulence, borborygmi) was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (from none to everyday of the week) and the IBS severity with the IBS-SSS questionnaire. Health-Related Quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed with the Food and Benefits Assessment (FBA) and Functional Digestive Disorders Quality of Life (FDDQL) questionnaires. The digestive (dis)comfort dimension of these questionnaires was considered as the main dimension for HRQoL. The DSFQ discriminated IBS from healthy subjects with a significant difference (P <0.001) between groups (estimated mean difference=5.58; 95% CI, 4.91-6.28). On the basis of the ROC curve (AUC=0.9479), a cutoff value of 5 gives a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 84%, with a positive likelihood ratio of 5.75. Composite score of symptoms correlated strongly (P <0.0001) with digestive discomfort measured by FDDQL (−0.816), digestive comfort measured by FBA (−0.789), and the IBS-SSS score (0.762). Measurement of digestive symptom frequency by means of the DSFQ can differentiate IBS from healthy subjects, and shows a good correlation with other validated questionnaires (clinical trial #NCT01457378

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Prebiotic Enriched Infant Formula—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Eficàcia; Fórmula infantil; PrebiòticEficacia; Fórmula infantil; PrebióticoEfficacy; Infant formula; PrebioticThe present study aims to evaluate the effects of an infant formula supplemented with a mixture of prebiotic short and long chain inulin-type oligosaccharides on health outcomes, safety and tolerance, as well as on fecal microbiota composition during the first year of life. In a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study, n = 160 healthy term infants under 4 months of age were randomized to receive either an infant formula enriched with 0.8 g/dL of Orafti®Synergy1 or an unsupplemented control formula until the age of 12 months. Growth, fever (>38 °C) and infections were regularly followed up by a pediatrician. Digestive symptoms, stool consistency as well as crying and sleeping patterns were recorded during one week each study month. Fecal microbiota and immunological biomarkers were determined from a subgroup of infants after 2, 6 and 12 months of life. The intention to treat (ITT) population consisted of n = 149 infants. Both formulae were well tolerated. Mean duration of infections was significantly lower in the prebiotic fed infants (p < 0.05). The prebiotic group showed higher Bifidobacterium counts at month 6 (p = 0.006), and higher proportions of Bifidobacterium in relation to total bacteria at month 2 and 6 (p = 0.042 and p = 0.013, respectively). Stools of infants receiving the prebiotic formula were softer (p < 0.05). Orafti®Synergy1 tended to beneficially impact total daily amount of crying (p = 0.0594). Supplementation with inulin-type prebiotic oligosaccharides during the first year of life beneficially modulates the infant gut microbiota towards higher Bifidobacterium levels at the first 6 months of life, and is associated with reduced duration of infections.The clinical study was part of the EARNEST project (EARly Nutrition programming-long term follow up of Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research), an EU-funded integrated project within the 6th Framework Programme (FOOD-CT-2005-007036). Within this project, Laboratorios Ordesa, Barcelona, Spain and BENEO-Orafti, Tienen, Belgium contributed to the overall funding of the SYNERGY-1 study

Evaluation of an O2-Substituted (1–3)-β-D-Glucan, Produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6, in ex vivo Models of Crohn’s Disease

Efecte antiinflamatori de la malaltia de Crohn; Immunomodulació; Exopolisacàrids bacteriansEfecto antiinflamatorio de la enfermedad de Crohn; Inmunomodulacion; Exopolisacáridos bacterianosCrohn's disease anti-inflammatory effect; Immunomodulation; Bacterial exopolysaccharides1,3-β-glucans are extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by microorganisms and plants, with therapeutic potential. Among them, the O2-substituted-(1–3)-β-D-glucan, synthesized by some lactic acid bacteria (LAB), has a prebiotic effect on probiotic strains, an immunomodulatory effect on monocyte-derived macrophages, and potentiates the ability of the producer strain to adhere to Caco-2 cells differentiated to enterocytes. In this work, the O2-substituted-(1–3)-β-D-glucan polymers produced by GTF glycoyltransferase in the natural host Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 and in the recombinant strain Lactococcus lactis NZ9000[pNGTF] were tested. Their immunomodulatory activity was investigated in an ex vivo model using human biopsies from patients affected by Crohn’s disease (CD). Both polymers had an anti-inflammatory effect including, a reduction of Interleukine 8 both at the level of its gene expression and its secreted levels. The overall data indicate that the O2-substituted-(1–3)-β-D-glucan have a potential role in ameliorating inflammation via the gut immune system cell modulation.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (grant RTI2018-097114-B-I00), by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, grant number PI12/00263, and by CIBERehd

Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota

Advances in culture-independent research techniques have led to an increased understanding of the gut microbiota and the role it plays in health and disease. The intestine is populated by a complex microbial community that is organized around a network of metabolic interdependencies. It is now understood that the gut microbiota is vital for normal development and functioning of the human body, especially for the priming and maturation of the adaptive immune system. Antibiotic use can have several negative effects on the gut microbiota, including reduced species diversity, altered metabolic activity, and the selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms, which in turn can lead to antibiotic-associated diarrhea and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. There is also evidence that early childhood exposure to antibiotics can lead to several gastrointestinal, immunologic, and neurocognitive conditions. The increase in the use of antibiotics in recent years suggests that these problems are likely to become more acute or more prevalent in the future. Continued research into the structure and function of the gut microbiota is required to address this challeng

Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review

Bacillus clausii; Microbiota; DysbiosisBacillus clausii; Microbiota; DisbiosisBacillus clausii; Microbiota; DisbiosiThe gut microbiota is intrinsically linked to human health; disturbances in microbial homeostasis are implicated in both intestinal and extraintestinal disorders. Probiotics are “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host,” and many commercial preparations comprising a diverse range of species are available. While probiotics have been much researched, better understanding of the probiotic effects and applications of species such as Bacillus clausii is warranted. In this narrative literature review, we review the characteristics and mechanisms of action supporting B. clausii as a probiotic and discuss the evidence from clinical studies evaluating B. clausii probiotics for the management of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms in children and adults. Finally, we highlight the challenges of future research and the need for more robust and diverse clinical evidence to guide physicians in the clinical application of probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders and other conditions.This study and the journal’s Rapid Service and Open Access Fees were funded by Sanofi

Colonic bacterial diversity and dysbiosis in active microscopic colitis as compared to chronic diarrhoea and healthy controls: effect of polyethylene glycol after bowel lavage for colonoscopy

Faecal microbiome; Microscopic colitis; Polyethylene glycolMicrobioma fecal; Colitis microscópica; PolietilenglicolMicrobioma fecal; Colitis microscòpica; PolietilenglicolBackground Most microbiota studies in microscopic colitis patients are performed after diagnostic colonoscopy without considering the potential effect of colonic lavage. Patients may achieve clinical remission after colonoscopy and it is unknown whether lavage-induced changes play a role. Aim To assess the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) colonic lavage on clinical remission rate, microbial diversity, microbial dysbiosis index and specific microbial changes in patients with active microscopic colitis as compared to other diarrhoeal diseases and healthy controls. Methods Fifty-five consecutive patients presenting chronic watery diarrhoea and 12 healthy controls were included. Faecal samples were collected three days before and 30 days after PEG in patients and controls for microbiome analysis. Results Clinical remission was observed in 53% of microscopic colitis patients, and in 32% of non-microscopic colitis patients (p = 0.16). Considering patients with persisting diarrhoea after colonoscopy, 71% of non-microscopic colitis patients had bile acid diarrhoea. Baseline Shannon Index was lower in diarrhoea groups than in healthy controls (p = 0.0025); there were no differences between microscopic colitis, bile-acid diarrhoea and functional diarrhoea. The microbial dysbiosis index was significantly higher in microscopic colitis than in bile acid diarrhoea plus functional diarrhoea (p = 0.0095), but no bacterial species showed a significantly different relative abundance among the diarrheal groups. Conclusions Dysbiosis is a feature in active microscopic colitis, but loss of microbial diversity was similar in all diarrheal groups, suggesting that faecal microbial changes are not due to microscopic colitis itself but associated with stool form. A considerable number of microscopic colitis patients achieved clinical remission after colonoscopy, but we were unable to demonstrate related PEG-induced changes in faecal microbiome

Dysbiosis and relapse-related microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: A shotgun metagenomic approach

© 2021 The Author(s).Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affect several million people worldwide. CD and UC are characterized by periods of clinical remission and relapse. Although IBD patients present chronic alterations of the gut microbiome, called dysbiosis, little attention has been devoted to the relapse-related microbiome. To address this gap, we generated shotgun metagenomic data from the stools of two European cohorts—134 Spanish (followed up for one year) and 49 Belgian (followed up for 6 months) subjects—to characterize the microbial taxonomic and metabolic profiles present. To assess the predictive value of microbiome data, we added the taxonomic profiles generated from a previous study of 130 Americans. Our results revealed that CD was more dysbiotic than UC compared to healthy controls (HC) and that strategies for energy extraction and propionate production were different in CD compared to UC and HC. Remarkably, CD and UC relapses were not associated with alpha- or beta-diversity, or with a dysbiotic score. However, CD relapse was linked to alterations at the species and metabolic pathway levels, including those involved in propionate production. The random forest method using taxonomic profiles allowed the prediction of CD vs. non-CD with an AUC = 0.938, UC vs. HC with an AUC = 0.646, and CD relapse vs. remission with an AUC = 0.769. Our study validates previous taxonomic findings, points to different relapse-related growth and defence mechanisms in CD compared to UC and HC and provides biomarkers to discriminate IBD subtypes and predict disease activity.This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III /FEDER, a government agency (grant numbers: PI17/00614; PI20/00130), and by the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America (Award ID: 514634)