The spanish republican exile of 1939 through the Paris press: comparative analysis between Le Populaire and Le Petit Parisien

El presente artículo analiza el tratamiento informativo que recibieron los refugiados españoles en los diarios parisinos Le Populaire y Le Petit Parisien entre enero y febrero de 1939. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica, el análisis comparado de textos y las entrevistas en profundidad, demostraremos que los republicanos que se refugiaron en París fueron separados de sus familias y encerrados en verdaderos campos de concentración, y vivieron una auténtica campaña de desprestigio por parte de la prensa, sobre todo la conservadora, que azuzó el miedo al comunismo y utilizó un discurso en sus textos periodísticos especialmente duro contra los exiliados, a los que retrataba como peligrosos y malhechores.This article analyzes the information treatment received by the Spanish refugees in the Parisian newspapers Le Populaire and Le Petit Parisien between January and February 1939. From the bibliographic review, the comparative analysis of texts and the in-depth interviews, we will show that the Republicans who took refuge in Paris were separated from their families and locked up in real concentration camps. In addition, they lived a real campaign of discredit by the press, especially the conservative, who stirred the fear of communism and used a speech in their journalistic texts especially hard against the exiles, whom he portrayed as dangerous and evildoers

The transcriptional network activated by Cln3 cyclin at the G1-to-S transition of the yeast cell cycle

Background: The G1-to-S transition of the cell cycle in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves an extensive transcriptional program driven by transcription factors SBF (Swi4-Swi6) and MBF (Mbp1-Swi6). Activation of these factors ultimately depends on the G1 cyclin Cln3. Results: To determine the transcriptional targets of Cln3 and their dependence on SBF or MBF, we first have used DNA microarrays to interrogate gene expression upon Cln3 overexpression in synchronized cultures of strains lacking components of SBF and/or MBF. Secondly, we have integrated this expression dataset together with other heterogeneous data sources into a single probabilistic model based on Bayesian statistics. Our analysis has produced more than 200 transcription factor-target assignments, validated by ChIP assays and by functional enrichment. Our predictions show higher internal coherence and predictive power than previous classifications. Our results support a model whereby SBF and MBF may be differentially activated by Cln3. Conclusions: Integration of heterogeneous genome-wide datasets is key to building accurate transcriptional networks. By such integration, we provide here a reliable transcriptional network at the G1-to-S transition in the budding yeast cell cycle. Our results suggest that to improve the reliability of predictions we need to feed our models with more informative experimental data

Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance

The aim was to analyse the influence of the breaststroke underwater phase on 50 and 100 m performance. A total of 108 performances in 50 m (61 males and 47 females), and 126 performances in 100 m (71 males and 55 females) were recorded during the 2019 Short-course National Spanish Championship. The underwater swimming time, distance and velocity were analysed after the start and turns. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and regression analysis were applied to compute the relation between the variables. The relative contribution (%) to final time and the differences between events and gender were studied through independent samples t-test (p 1.0) and in males (50 m: 2.18 ± 0.10 m·s−1; 100 m: 1.87 ± 0.08 m·s−1) than in females (50 m: 1.92 ± 0.09 m·s−1: 100 m: 1.71 ± 0.08 m·s−1). Performance in both events was influenced significantly by turn velocity (r ≥ −0.85), and combined with the start, contributed to around 55% of the final time. Coaches should optimise the underwater phases of start and turns on breaststroke performance in short-course.This study was supported by grants awarded by the Ministry of Innovation and Universities (Spanish Agency of Research) and the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); PGC2018-102116, B-100 “SWIM II: Specific Water Innovative Measurements: Applied to the Performance Improvement

Despliegue de una red de sensores conectados inalámbricamente en la ciudad de Alcoi

[EN] The project should be able to try out data acquisition of different types of sensors and deploying them in different places in the city. You have to create a network between different elements of data acquisition and to store them in a database, ideally in cloud.[ES] El proyecto debe poder realizar pruebas de adquisición de datos de diferentes tipos de sensores y desplegarlos en diferentes sitios de la ciudad. Se tiene que crear una red de interconexión entre los diferentes elementos de adquisición de datos y poder almacenarlos en algún sistema de bases de datos, a poder ser en cloud.Colomina Aracil, FJ. (2016). Despliegue de una red de sensores conectados inalámbricamente en la ciudad de Alcoi. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/72713.TFG

PAP in Swimming Starts: Lunge Vs YoYo Squat

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two protocols of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on swim start performance (SS). Fourteen trained swimmers (10 men and 4 women) voluntereed for this study. An intra-group design of randomised repetitive measurements was applied. A previous SS trial, performed after a standard warm up (SWU), served as a reference. Two methods of PAP, performed after one hour of rest, were randomly added to SWU: i) three lunges at 85% of 1 repetition maximum (LWU), and ii) four repetitions on the flywheel device YoYo squat (YWU). Swimmers were tested in an SS eigth minutes after the PAP warm-ups. Kinematic variables were collected using three underwater digital video cameras fixed poolside and operating at 25 Hz, and one high speed camera focused on the block and operating at 300 Hz. Data obtained from the video analysis were processed using a repeated measures analysis of the variance. The mean horizontal velocity of the swimmer's flight improved after both PAP methods, with the greatest improvement after YWU (F2,12= 47.042, p < 0.001; SWU = 3.63±0.11; LWU = 4.15 ± 0.12; YWU = 4.89 ± 0.12 m/s). After YWU, it took the subjects less time to cover a distance of five meters (F2,12 = 24.453, p < 0.001) and fifteen meters (F2,12 = 4.262, p < 0.04). Subjects also achieved a higher mean angular velocity of the knee extension (F2,12 = 23.286, p < 0.001) and a reduction of the time on the block (F2,12 = 6.595, p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that muscle performance in the execution of an SS is enhanced after a warm-up with specific PAP protocols. YWU leads to the greatest improvement in the performance of the swimmer 's start and, therefore, may be specially beneficial in short events.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

Squat jump and jumping push-up performance of trained swimmers inmediately before and after resistance exercise

Introduction When an action induces acute fatigue, it may be followed by a period of potentiated force production capability, termed as Postactivation Potentiation (Seitz, 2015). The aim of the study was to measure the effect on swimming performance of muscular contractions 5-20 minutes prior to the trials and to determine the possible causes of performance enhancement. Methods 15 Elite Canadian swimmers volunteered to participate in this study. A repeated measures counterbalanced design was used in which swimmers performed 4 different activation protocols in 4 different sessions. Muscle performance was evaluated in each participant performing 3 maximal effort squat jumps, alternated with 3 maximal jumping push-ups. Both assessed from one ground reaction force plate. One bout of loaded conditioning exercise (CE) on the target muscles was randomly applied on the subjects after the basic muscle activation protocol (BME). Four repetitions of loaded back squat were applied when leg muscles were the target (CE-L). Four repetitions of loaded bench-press were applied when upper body muscles were the target group (CE-U). Loaded repetitions of back squat and bench press were combined applied when both limbs were the target (CE-BL). After CE, muscle performance was assessed again at 5, 8, 12 and 20 minutes, regardless the CE applied. One test condition without any CE was also given and acted as a control. Results Impulse in lower limbs was higher in the protocol CE-L (5min: 181.54 N·s; 8 min: 181.78 N·s), in comparison with pretest conditions (Pre: 175.18 N·s; P = 0.05). Impulse was also higher in CE-BL but it was achieved only after 8min of rest (181.16 N·s; p = 0.05) When comparisons with BME were made, the impulse in upper limbs was higher only in CE-U (50.58 N·s; p = 0.05), and this value was obtained at 8 minutes after load. Discussion & Conclusion Improvements obtained in both limbs are in agreement with the physiological explanation of PAP. Changes happened in limbs after specific load application, but no influences were found when load applied in such limb was assessed in the other. Surprisingly, impulse was even higher at minute 8, and such effect achieved, could be related to a difference in involvement of motor units. Thus, although an improvement in performance is obtained after load application, PAP could not be considered only as an acute local effect generated by the myosin phosphorilation. This fact could suggest that some neural factors of the speed-strength behavior could be behind of the performance improvement of the system.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

How post-activation performance enhancements affect semi-tethered swimming kinetics

Introduction: When an action induces acute fatigue, it may be followed by a period of potentiated force production capability, termed as Post-activation Potentiation (PAP). One of the training philosophy principles PAP is based on is complex training, which consists on providing a resistive conditioning exercise as similar as possible to the real action before performing a sport-specific activity involving similar muscle groups. Nevertheless, a key criticism of inducing PAP in swimming is that the conditioning exercises applied in dry-land conditions may reduce the stimulus intensity or effectiveness. This study aimed to test if muscular performance might be elevated in semi-tethered swimming test by using a specific dry-land resistance warm-up simulating the arm-stroke pull of swimming. Methods: Ten competitive swimmers conducted an incremental semi-tethered swimming test on a Smith Machine adapted through a pulley system. Six minutes of rest were given between every maximal swimming effort (to 15m). Kinetic variables were obtained through a linear encoder connected to the Smith Machine’s bar, which allowed to individually identifying the related results according to the load that maximized maximal power output. On a different day, a trial with the same aforementioned load was performed after the experimental warm-up (3 arm-stroke repetitions at 85% 1RM). Statistical differences between the variables were determined using a repeated measures 1-way ANOVA. Results: The values were better when obtained during incremental testing, rather than obtained after PAP; the Intracyc Acceleration Variation delivered to the load was lower after PAP warm-up (p = 0.012; 6.08 ± 1.32 vs 4.68 ± 1.25 m/s2), mainly because the Force and Impulse applied per stroke were lower (p = 0.013; -20.71%; p = 0.002; -21.72%, respectively). Swimming Velocity (p = 0.001; 1.20 ± 0.14 vs 0.99 ± 0.15 m/s) and Swimming Power (p = 0.002; 51.35 ± 15.43 vs. 42.33 ± 13.03 W) were lower after PAP and kinematic variables were also negatively affected. Conclusion: A dry-land warm-up may not be an efficient approach to stimulate performance skills on swimming. Possibly an attenuation effect is obtained on muscle fibers from a high-resistance isokinetic exercise performed at low speed. Nevertheless, is worthy of review that maximal swimming power output was achieved at 56% of the maximal load. It meant that at least 1 to 3 efforts were performed by every subject prior the execution of the selected trial. As fatigue impairs performance, more fatigue accumulation was expected to occur during that trial in comparison to the only trial performed after PAP; however it did not happen. Possibly, the combination of specific in-water resistance exercise and the time of rest given between trials constituted an effective way to get recovered from fatigue while potentiation still existed. Future studies should consider if swimmers may benefit of semi-tethered low loaded swimming as a way to induce PAP. Acknowledgements: DEP2014-59707-P: SWIM: Specific Water Innovative Measurements, applied to the development of International Swimmers in Short Swimming Events (50and100m).CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

Strength-velocity relationship of resisted swimming: A regression analysis

This study explored how external loads affect semi-tethered resisted swimming (STRS). Twenty national competitive swimmers (age: 18.31 ± 1.42 years) participated in an incremental STRS test. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between the load and the swimming variables were obtained, and simple linear regression analyses were applied to evaluate the associations. The results showed that less velocity and acceleration were delivered at high loads (p < 0.001). It increased the velocity fluctuation, affecting the swimming patterns adversely. A decrease in the impulse relative to the load pulled is obtained, especially after 20-30% of the maximal load (R2 = 0.724, p < 0.000). Coaches should reconsider using STRS, as little benefits may be obtained in performance.This work was supported by the projects DEP 2014-59707-P “SWIM: Specific Water Innovative Measurements” and PGC2018-102116-B-I00 “SWIM II”, granted by the Spanish Research Agency and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

This study was supported by a grant awarded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spanish Agency of Research) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); PGC2018-102116-B-I00 'SWIM II: Specific Water Innovative Measurements: Applied to the performance improvement' and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport: FPU17/02761 grants.Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions ( increment %) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 +/- 2.6, FINA points: 914 +/- 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 +/- 3.1, FINA points: 838 +/- 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 +/- 4.8, FINA points: 904 +/- 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 +/- 3.6, FINA points: 800 +/- 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, increment %, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and increment % for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean increment % (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and increment % were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spanish Agency of Research)European Commission PGC2018-102116-B-I00Spanish Government FPU17/0276

Postactivation potentiation on 50-meter freestyle

Postactivation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which improves muscle contractility, strength and speed in sporting performances through previously applied maximal or submaximal loads on the muscle system. This study aimed to assess the effects of two types of activation protocols based on PAP, on sprint swimming performance. A repeated-measures design was used to compare three different scenarios prior to a 50-m race. First, all of the participants performed a standard warm-up (SWU), consisting of a 400-m swim followed by dynamic stretching. This protocol acted as the control. Subsequently, the swimmers were randomly assigned into two groups: the swimmers in the first group performed the SWU followed by a PAP one-repetition warm-up (RMWU), consisting of three “lunge” and three “arm stroke” repetitions, both at 85% of the one-repetition maximum. The swimmers in the second group performed the SWU followed by a PAP eccentric flywheel warm-up (EWU), consisting of one set of four repetitions of exercises of both the lower and upper limbs on an adapted eccentric flywheel at the maximal voluntary contraction. The time required for the swimmers to swim 5 and 10 m was shorter with the PAP protocols. The swimming velocity of the swimmers who underwent the EWU and RMWU protocols were faster at 5 and 10 m. The best total swimming time was not influenced by any of the protocols. When isolating swimming (excluding start performance and turn), best time was achieved with the SWU and RMWU compared with EWU (SWU: 20.86 ± 0.95 s; EWU: 21.25 ± 1.12 s; RMWU: 20.97 ± 1.22 s). In conclusion, a warm up based on PAP protocols might exert an influence on performance in the first meters of a 50-m race. Nevertheless, other factors, such as fatigue, could modify swimming patterns and yield results contradictory to those of the desired task.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic