The role of interventional radiology in trauma patient care

O trauma é causa importante de morte e afastamento do trabalho. A Radiologia Intervencionista por meio de técnicas minimamente invasivas pode ser útil para politraumatizados estáveis com lesões vasculares ou de órgãos sólidos. Apesar de exigir treinamento, máquinas e materiais adequados, pode proporcionar melhores resultados. Lesões intra-abdominais devem ser suspeitadas no trauma pélvico e/ou torácico com instabilidade. Hematomas, equimoses ou petéquias devem ser correlacionadas ao trajeto vascular e órgãos. O lavado peritoneal, tomografia, ressonância magnética e FAST (focused assesment with sonography for trauma) podem ser utilizados. Angiografias não são ideais para traumas abdominais agudos por não excluirem lesões associadas, mas, no território periférico são úteis para planejamento. Apesar da necessidade cirúrgica para casos graves, condutas conservadoras podem determinar melhor evolução em muitos casos. Nas lesões vasculares abdominais e orgãos maciços, angioplastia com ou sem stent pode ser utilizada nas lesões intimais e transmurais, e embolização nos sangramentos ativos. Lesões hepáticas podem ser conduzidas conservadoramente, por meio da embolização percutânea ou cirurgicamente. A embolização esplênica e renal deve ser considerada para pacientes selecionados. Na região cervical, são alternativa para lesões carotídeas de difícil acesso, acima do ângulo da mandíbula e petrosas. Por sua vez, stents revestidos ou endopróteses expandiram as indicações terapêuticas na aorta abdominal e torácica. Pequenas lesões das extremidades, assintomáticas e não oclusivas, podem ser tratadas conservadoramente. Lesões de membros e pélvicas necessitam estabilização óssea para controle. A indicação para embolização baseia-se na condição hemodinâmica e presença de sangramento. Maiores evidências comparando estas técnicas à cirurgia, ainda são necessáriasTrauma is a leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. Trauma is a serious public health problem with significant social and economic costs. While advances in trauma care and trauma care systems have improved patient outcomes, research shows that Interventional Radiology (IR) can advance trauma care for stable, multiple trauma patients including those with vascular and solid organs lesions. Although requiring training, special machines and materials, IR may provide better results. Intra-abdominal injury should be suspected in instable pelvic / thoracic trauma cases. Bruising, petechiae or ecchymosis should be correlated to the vascular topography and organs. The peritoneal lavage, computed tomography, magnetic resonance and FAST (Focused Assesment with Sonography) may be necessary. Angiogram should not be indicated for acute abdominal trauma diagnosis because it can’t exclude associated lesions, but in the peripheral vascular area may be useful for planning. Despite surgery for severe cases, non-surgical treatment may determine a better outcome in many cases. The indication for embolization is based on the hemodynamic status and presence of active bleeding. Vascular and intra abdominal organ lesions may be treated by stenting, especially in cases of intimal and transmural vascular lesions or by embolization in bleeding cases. Liver injury can be conducted conservatively, surgically or by percutaneous embolization. The splenic and renal embolization should also be considered for selected patients. Small vascular extremity lesions, asymptomatic and non-occlusive, can be treated conservatively. In the neck region, IR is a good alternative to carotid lesions with difficult surgical access, above the angle of the mandible or petrous region. In turn, the use of covered and bare stents in the thoracic and abdominal aorta expands the treatment options. Pelvic and limb injuries require bone stabilization for adequate control. Further evidence comparing these techniques to surgery, are still neede

Radiodermitis after prostatic artery embolization. Case report and review of the literature

Prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a technically demanding new treatment option for benign prostatic hyperplasia. We present a case of radiation-induced dermitis in a 63-year-old patient after a technically successful PAE, due to high radiation exposure (KAP: 8,023,949 mGy cm2) and long fluoroscopy time (72 min). Anatomical and technical aspects are discussed, as well as recommendations to decrease radiation exposure in these procedures

Management and treatment of decompensated hepatic fibrosis and severe refractory Schistosoma mansoni ascites with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

This study aimed to report the first case of a patient with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni, refractory ascites and portal vein thrombosis treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), at the Instituto de Radiologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. After the procedure, the patient recovered favorably and progressed with portal pressure reduction and no deterioration of the liver function. Endovascular shunt modification is a conservative medical approach that often helps in reducing symptoms significantly, making it a less invasive and a safer alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of schistosomiasis with portal hypertension

Altrenogest during early pregnancy modulates uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial growth factor expression at the time implantation in pigs

This study evaluated the effects of supplying altrenogest from day 6-12 of pregnancy on the endometrial glandular epithelium, corpora lutea (CL) morphology, and endometrial and CL gene expression. A total of 12 crossbred females (Landrace × Large White) were used. The females were assigned to 4 treatments according to a random design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two categories (sow or gilt) and two treatments (non-treated and treated with altrenogest). On day 6 of pregnancy, animals were allocated to one of the following groups: non-treated (NT, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts), and (T, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts) treated daily with 20 mg of altrenogest, from day 6-12 of pregnancy. All animals were euthanized on day 13 of pregnancy. All CLs were individually weighed, and their volume were determined. The endometrial glandular density (GD), mean glandular area (MGA), and vascular density (VD) were determined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Endometrium samples were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the abundance of transcripts for VEGF and IGF-I. Females in the T group had higher MGA (P < 0.05) compared to the NT group. There was no effect of treatment on GD or VD for both experimental groups. Sows in the T group had augmented expression of IGF-I (P < 0.05). Progestagen had no detrimental effect on CL morphology. In conclusion, altrenogest improves the uterine environment during the peri-implantation period in pigs without compromising corpora lutea development

Prostatic Artery Embolization as a Primary Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Preliminary Results in Two Patients

Symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) typically occurs in the sixth and seventh decades, and the most frequent obstructive urinary symptoms are hesitancy, decreased urinary stream, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturia, frequency, and urgency. Various medications, specifically 5-α-reductase inhibitors and selective α-blockers, can decrease the severity of the symptoms secondary to BPH, but prostatectomy is still considered to be the traditional method of management. We report the preliminary results for two patients with acute urinary retention due to BPH, successfully treated by prostate artery embolization (PAE). The patients were investigated using the International Prostate Symptom Score, by digital rectal examination, urodynamic testing, prostate biopsy, transrectal ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine volume complemented the investigation at 30, 90, and 180 days after PAE. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia; embolization of the prostate arteries was performed with a microcatheter and 300- to 500-μm microspheres using complete stasis as the end point. One patient was subjected to bilateral PAE and the other to unilateral PAE; they urinated spontaneously after removal of the urethral catheter, 15 and 10 days after the procedure, respectively. At 6-month follow-up, US and MRI revealed a prostate reduction of 39.7% and 47.8%, respectively, for the bilateral PAE and 25.5 and 27.8%, respectively, for the patient submitted to unilateral PAE. The early results, at 6-month follow-up, for the two patients with BPH show a promising potential alternative for treatment with PAE

Guidelines for the management of neuroendocrine tumours by the Brazilian gastrointestinal tumour group

Neuroendocrine tumours are a heterogeneous group of diseases with a significant variety of diagnostic tests and treatment modalities. Guidelines were developed by North American and European groups to recommend their best management. However, local particularities and relativisms found worldwide led us to create Brazilian guidelines. Our consensus considered the best feasible strategies in an environment involving more limited resources. We believe that our recommendations may be extended to other countries with similar economic standards.Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Canc Estado Sao Paulo, BR-01246000 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Radiol & Oncol, BR-01246903 Sao Paulo, BrazilHosp Sirio Libanes, BR-01308050 Sao Paulo, BrazilHosp Moinhos de Vento Porto Alegre, BR-90035000 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilOncoctr, BR-30360680 Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Dept Cirurgia, BR-90040060 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilHosp Clin Porto Alegre, BR-90035903 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Fac Med, Dept Fisiol & Farmacol, BR-60020180 Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilHosp Univ Walter Cantidio, BR-60430370 Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilInst Nacl Canc, BR-20230240 Rio De Janeiro, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Disciplina Endocrinol & Metabol, BR-01246903 Sao Paulo, BrazilAC Camargo Canc Ctr, Dept Surg, BR-01509010 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Gastroenterol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Ciencias Saude Porto Alegre, BR-90050170 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilHosp Albert Einstein, BR-05652900 Sao Paulo, BrazilHosp Base, Fac Med Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BR-15090000 Sao Paulo, BrazilSanta Casa Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BR-15025500 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Parana, Hosp Erasto Gaertner, BR-81520060 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Norte, BR-59300000 Natal, RN, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Coracao, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, BrazilAC Camargo Canc Ctr, Med Oncol, BR-01509010 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Gastroenterol, BR-04021001 Sao Paulo, BrazilHosp Sao Rafael, BR-41253190 Salvador, BA, BrazilHosp Canc Barretos, Dept Cirurgia Aparelho Digest Alto & Hepatobiliop, BR-14784400 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Patol, BR-01246903 Sao Paulo, BrazilClin AMO, BR-1950640 Salvador, BA, BrazilHosp Sao Jose, BR-01323001 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Nove de Julho, BR-02111030 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Gastroenterol, BR-04021001 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Percutaneous endovascular therapy of chronic iliac artery occlusion

A revascularização da oclusão arterial ilíaca crônica com implante de endoprótese vascular é uma nova modalidade terapêutica para os pacientes com aterosclerose obliterante das extremidades. Os objetivos deste trabalho são verificar: os resultados clínico e radiológico do tratamento percutâneo com implante de endoprótese vascular nas oclusões arteriais crônicas do território ilíaco; a influência da aterosclerose e seus principais fatores de risco; os principais sintomas clínicos segundo os estágios de Fontaine e o comportamento das endopróteses vasculares, avaliando as permeabilidades primária e secundária. Foram estudados 67 pacientes, com 69 oclusões arteriais ilíacas crônicas, submetidos a intervenção de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 1998, por meio de avaliação clínica, Doppler com medida do índice tornozelo/braço e arteriografia dos membros inferiores. As revascularizações arteriais ilíacas foram realizadas sob anestesia local, utilizando-se as endopróteses tipos Wallstent® e Cragg®. O índice de sucesso técnico foi de 97,10%. A mediana do período de internação foi de dois dias e as complicações mais importantes foram tromboses arteriais (2,99%), roturas arteriais (2,99%) e embolia poplítea (1,49%). O índice tornozelo/braço pré e pós-procedimento demonstrou um incremento, estatisticamente significante, após a intervenção (P = 0,0001), e os eventos durante o seguimento foram as estenoses (5,97%) e tromboses (8,96%) das endopróteses. Houve algum grau de melhora clínica em 92,5% dos pacientes. Os casos que não apresentaram melhora tiveram associação, estatisticamente significante, com cardiopatia associada (P = 0,003) e estágios III e IV de Fontaine (P = 0,022). Não houve associação, estatisticamente significante, entre os fatores analisados e permeabilidade das endopróteses vasculares. A revascularização percutânea com implante de endopróteses vasculares nas oclusões arteriais ilíacas crônicas, demonstrou apresentar bons índices de permeabilidades primária (75%) e secundária (95%) durante o período médio de 30 meses de acompanhamento.Arterial recanalization with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and implantation of a vascular endoprosthesis in an occluded iliac artery is a ew therapeutic modality for those patients with obliterative atherosclerosis of the extremities. The objectives of this work are to demonstrate the clinical and radiological results of treatment of chronic occlusions of the iliac arteries; to demonstrate the effects of atherosclerosis as well as primary risk factors; to evaluate the primary clinical symptoms using the Fontaine classification and to study the effectiveness of the vascular endoprostheses with primary and secondary patency rates. Sixty-seven patients with 69 chronically occluded iliac arteries underwent percutaneous intervention from January 1992 throught December 1998. Evaluations included clinical assessment, Doppler examinations with ankle/brachial indexes and bilateral lower extremity arteriograms. The iliac artery recanalizations were performed under local anesthesia and using Wallstent® and Cragg® vascular endoprostheses. Technical success rate was 97.10%. The mean hospitalization time was two days and major complications included arterial thrombosis (2.99%), arterial rupture (2.99%) and popliteal embolization (1.49%). The prior and post procedure ankle/brachial indexes demonstrated a statistically significant increase following intervention (P = 0.0001). During follow-up there was 5.97% of stenosis and 8.96% thrombosis of the endoprostheses. There was clinical improvement in 92.42% of patients. Patients that did not show clinical improvement had association with coronary disease (P = 0.003), Fontaine stages III and IV (P = 0.022) and arterial hypertension (P = 0.087). There was no statistically significant factor associated with lower patency of the endoprostheses. Percutaneous revascularization of chronically occluded iliac arteries with utilization of vascular endoprostheses has shown good primary (75%) and secondary (95%) patency rates during 30 months of mean follow-up period

Percutaneous endovascular therapy of chronic iliac artery occlusion

A revascularização da oclusão arterial ilíaca crônica com implante de endoprótese vascular é uma nova modalidade terapêutica para os pacientes com aterosclerose obliterante das extremidades. Os objetivos deste trabalho são verificar: os resultados clínico e radiológico do tratamento percutâneo com implante de endoprótese vascular nas oclusões arteriais crônicas do território ilíaco; a influência da aterosclerose e seus principais fatores de risco; os principais sintomas clínicos segundo os estágios de Fontaine e o comportamento das endopróteses vasculares, avaliando as permeabilidades primária e secundária. Foram estudados 67 pacientes, com 69 oclusões arteriais ilíacas crônicas, submetidos a intervenção de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 1998, por meio de avaliação clínica, Doppler com medida do índice tornozelo/braço e arteriografia dos membros inferiores. As revascularizações arteriais ilíacas foram realizadas sob anestesia local, utilizando-se as endopróteses tipos Wallstent® e Cragg®. O índice de sucesso técnico foi de 97,10%. A mediana do período de internação foi de dois dias e as complicações mais importantes foram tromboses arteriais (2,99%), roturas arteriais (2,99%) e embolia poplítea (1,49%). O índice tornozelo/braço pré e pós-procedimento demonstrou um incremento, estatisticamente significante, após a intervenção (P = 0,0001), e os eventos durante o seguimento foram as estenoses (5,97%) e tromboses (8,96%) das endopróteses. Houve algum grau de melhora clínica em 92,5% dos pacientes. Os casos que não apresentaram melhora tiveram associação, estatisticamente significante, com cardiopatia associada (P = 0,003) e estágios III e IV de Fontaine (P = 0,022). Não houve associação, estatisticamente significante, entre os fatores analisados e permeabilidade das endopróteses vasculares. A revascularização percutânea com implante de endopróteses vasculares nas oclusões arteriais ilíacas crônicas, demonstrou apresentar bons índices de permeabilidades primária (75%) e secundária (95%) durante o período médio de 30 meses de acompanhamento.Arterial recanalization with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and implantation of a vascular endoprosthesis in an occluded iliac artery is a ew therapeutic modality for those patients with obliterative atherosclerosis of the extremities. The objectives of this work are to demonstrate the clinical and radiological results of treatment of chronic occlusions of the iliac arteries; to demonstrate the effects of atherosclerosis as well as primary risk factors; to evaluate the primary clinical symptoms using the Fontaine classification and to study the effectiveness of the vascular endoprostheses with primary and secondary patency rates. Sixty-seven patients with 69 chronically occluded iliac arteries underwent percutaneous intervention from January 1992 throught December 1998. Evaluations included clinical assessment, Doppler examinations with ankle/brachial indexes and bilateral lower extremity arteriograms. The iliac artery recanalizations were performed under local anesthesia and using Wallstent® and Cragg® vascular endoprostheses. Technical success rate was 97.10%. The mean hospitalization time was two days and major complications included arterial thrombosis (2.99%), arterial rupture (2.99%) and popliteal embolization (1.49%). The prior and post procedure ankle/brachial indexes demonstrated a statistically significant increase following intervention (P = 0.0001). During follow-up there was 5.97% of stenosis and 8.96% thrombosis of the endoprostheses. There was clinical improvement in 92.42% of patients. Patients that did not show clinical improvement had association with coronary disease (P = 0.003), Fontaine stages III and IV (P = 0.022) and arterial hypertension (P = 0.087). There was no statistically significant factor associated with lower patency of the endoprostheses. Percutaneous revascularization of chronically occluded iliac arteries with utilization of vascular endoprostheses has shown good primary (75%) and secondary (95%) patency rates during 30 months of mean follow-up period