Comportamiento oxidativo de aceites microencapsulados: influencia de las condiciones de preparación en sistemas modelos y estudios específicos en alimentos

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Física Aplicada. Fecha de lectura: 11/3/201

La Ley del Efecto y el origen de la conducta

El Análisis Experimental de la Conducta (AEC) puede considerarse uno de los herederos naturales de la tradición iniciada por Thorndike en 1898. Aspectos recogidos en la Ley del Efecto, tales como la selección y el mantenimiento de la conducta, han sido ampliamente abordados por los analistas de la conducta, convirtiéndose en un campo tradicional y fundamental de estudio del AEC. Sin embargo, y por contraste, con frecuencia suele achacársele al AEC el escaso tratamiento –o incluso el rechazo y abandono– dedicado al problema del origen, la novedad y la variación conductual. En este trabajo se revisan algunas aproximaciones teóricas que, dentro del AEC, se han ocupado de esa parte supuestamente olvidada de la Ley del Efecto, así como los principios propuestos por dichas teorías para dar cuenta de la novedad y variación conductual. Tal revisión abarca desde los iniciales planteamientos de Thorndike y de Skinner acerca del origen de la conducta, hasta las nuevas aproximaciones seleccionistas referidas a la conducta novedosa y compleja.Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) can be considered one of the natural inheritors of the tradition initiated by Thorndike in 1898. Aspects reflected in the Law of Effect, such as behaviour selection and maintenance, have been greatly taken into consideration by behaviour analysts, thus becoming a traditional and fundamental field of study for EAB. However, and in contrast with this, EAB is frequently accused of rarely considering –or even rejecting and abandoning – the problems of the origin, novelty and variation in behaviour. In this article we review some theoretical approaches that, within EAB, have studied this supposedly abandoned aspect of the Law of Effect. Principles proposed by these theories in order to explain behavioural novelty and variation are also presented. The revision begins with Thorndike and Skinner´s initial proposals about the origin of behaviour, moving on to the most recent selection approaches refered to novel and complex behaviour.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia PB94-145

An investigation of process contaminants ’ formation during the deep frying of breadcrumbs using a bread coat model

The formation of acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural was investigated in a deep fried breadcrumb coat model resembling the coat batter of breaded foods. The influence of the composition of the breadcrumb and the frying conditions on the formation of these contaminants was evaluated. Six wheat-based flour formulations of breadcrumbs were deep fried in sunflower oil at temperatures between 170–200 °C and for frying times of 1–5 minutes. Results showed significant differences in the levels of contaminants according to the concentration of the potential precursors in the breadcrumbs. HMF was influenced by the sugar content in the breadcrumbs whereas levels of acrylamide were significantly correlated with the ratio between asparagine and reducing sugars. Acrylamide, HMF and furfural were directly related to the frying time and temperature. The composition of the breadcrumb and the compounds formed during frying contributed to the total antioxidant capacity of the fried samples. The bread coat model is a useful tool in the formulation of breaded foods since it allows the evaluation of the contribution of breadcrumbs in the formation of process contaminants after frying.This research was partly funded by projects S1013/ABI-3028-AVANSECAL (Comunidad Autonoma of Madrid and FEDER program) and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-201370E027).Peer reviewe

Risk/benefit considerations of a new formulation of wheat-based biscuit supplemented with different amounts of chia flour

The incorporation of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in the formulation of certain foods may be particularly desirable from a nutritional and healthy point of view. The effect of addition of chia flour on the nutritional properties and the formation of process contaminants in wheat flour-based biscuits was investigated. Higher percentage of chia flour in the formula increased the antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, protein, fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids content, then resulting in a nutritionally enhanced product. However levels of process contaminants were also increased and thus acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural ranged between 151 and 1188 mg/kg, 22.8e71.4 mg/kg and 1.3 e5.6 mg/kg, respectively, when chia was added in a range of 0e20% of the total weight. In parallel, the formation of dicarbonyl compounds, such as methylglyoxal and glyoxal, were significantly increased with addition of 5%. Lipid oxidation, particularly polymerization compounds, was accelerated in chiaenriched biscuits, which decreased the shelf-life of the product by promoting a rapid rancidity under accelerated storage conditions. Therefore, although nutritional properties are improved by the incorporation of chia into the biscuits, the increase in the content of process contaminants and the extent of the lipid oxidation should be carefully considered in a context of risk/benefit. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was funded by projects S1013/ABI-3028-AVANSECAL (CAM) and CSIC-201370E027.Peer reviewe

Conductismo radical y práctica investigadora: ¿por qué es skinneriano el Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento?

El presente trabajo se sitúa en la perspectiva de analizar los procesos implicados en el desarrollo de la actividad científica, más que en el estudio de las características formales de los productos científicos. Dicho abordaje se realiza desde la teoría skinneriana de la conducta (condicionamiento operante). Así, se estudian tres momentos de la actividad científica: a) la selección del dato científico como conducta verbal discriminativa, b) el establecimiento de relaciones entre variables entendido como detección de relaciones de contingencia entre eventos y, c) la derivación de nuevos conceptos como u n caso de conducta gobernada por reglas. Por otra parte, las características metodológicas implícitas en la práctica del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta (AEC) se confrontan con las ideas propuestas anteriormente. Finalmente, se concluye que dichas características del AEC son altamente consistentes con el análisis de la actividad científica como conducta operante, dándose cuenta del alto grado de coherencia alcanzado por los conductistas radicales respecto a, por un lado, los aspectos formales de su práctica investigadora (AEC) y, por otro, al contenido de sus productos teóricos (condicionamiento operante).The core of this paper lies more within the perspective of analyzing the processes involved in the development of scientific activity, than in the study of formal characteristics of scientific outcomes. The aforementioned approach is carried out from the Skinnerian theory of behaviour (operant conditioning). Thus, three moments of scientific activity are examined: a) the selection of scientific datum as discriminative verbal behaviour, b) the establishment of relations between variables understood as the detection of contingency relations between events and, c) the derivation of new concepts as a case of rule-governed behaviour. Moreover, the methodological characteristics implicit in the practice of The Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (TEAB) are contrasted with the previously proposed ideas. Finally, the paper concludes that the aforementioned characteristics of the TEAB are highly consistent with the analysis of scientific activity as operant behaviour, indicating the high level of coherence reached by the radical behaviourists in relation to, on the one hand, the formal aspects of their investigative practice (TEAB) and, on the other hand, the contents of their theoretical productions (operant conditioning)

Conductismo radical y práctica investigadora: ¿por qué es skinneriano el Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento?

El presente trabajo se sitúa en la perspectiva de analizar los procesos implicados en el desarrollo de la actividad científica, más que en el estudio de las características formales de los productos científicos. Dicho abordaje se realiza desde la teoría skinneriana de la conducta (condicionamiento operante). Así, se estudian tres momentos de la actividad científica: a) la selección del dato científico como conducta verbal discriminativa, b) el establecimiento de relaciones entre variables entendido como detección de relaciones de contingencia entre eventos y, c) la derivación de nuevos conceptos como u n caso de conducta gobernada por reglas. Por otra parte, las características metodológicas implícitas en la práctica del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta (AEC) se confrontan con las ideas propuestas anteriormente. Finalmente, se concluye que dichas características del AEC son altamente consistentes con el análisis de la actividad científica como conducta operante, dándose cuenta del alto grado de coherencia alcanzado por los conductistas radicales respecto a, por un lado, los aspectos formales de su práctica investigadora (AEC) y, por otro, al contenido de sus productos teóricos (condicionamiento operante).The core of this paper lies more within the perspective of analyzing the processes involved in the development of scientific activity, than in the study of formal characteristics of scientific outcomes. The aforementioned approach is carried out from the Skinnerian theory of behaviour (operant conditioning). Thus, three moments of scientific activity are examined: a) the selection of scientific datum as discriminative verbal behaviour, b) the establishment of relations between variables understood as the detection of contingency relations between events and, c) the derivation of new concepts as a case of rule-governed behaviour. Moreover, the methodological characteristics implicit in the practice of The Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (TEAB) are contrasted with the previously proposed ideas. Finally, the paper concludes that the aforementioned characteristics of the TEAB are highly consistent with the analysis of scientific activity as operant behaviour, indicating the high level of coherence reached by the radical behaviourists in relation to, on the one hand, the formal aspects of their investigative practice (TEAB) and, on the other hand, the contents of their theoretical productions (operant conditioning)

Inflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease plasma

Introduction:Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis/stratification are a“Holy Grail” of AD research and intensively sought; however, there are no well-established plasmamarkers.Methods:A hypothesis-led plasma biomarker search was conducted in the context of internationalmulticenter studies. The discovery phase measured 53 inflammatory proteins in elderly control (CTL;259), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; 199), and AD (262) subjects from AddNeuroMed.Results:Ten analytes showed significant intergroup differences. Logistic regression identified five(FB, FH, sCR1, MCP-1, eotaxin-1) that, age/APOε4 adjusted, optimally differentiated AD andCTL (AUC: 0.79), and three (sCR1, MCP-1, eotaxin-1) that optimally differentiated AD and MCI(AUC: 0.74). These models replicated in an independent cohort (EMIF; AUC 0.81 and 0.67). Twoanalytes (FB, FH) plus age predicted MCI progression to AD (AUC: 0.71).Discussion:Plasma markers of inflammation and complement dysregulation support diagnosis andoutcome prediction in AD and MCI. Further replication is needed before clinical translatio

CSF1R inhibitor JNJ-40346527 attenuates microglial proliferation and neurodegeneration in P301S mice

Neuroinflammation and microglial activation are significant processes in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Recent genome-wide association studies have highlighted multiple immune-related genes in association with Alzheimer’s disease, and experimental data have demonstrated microglial proliferation as a significant component of the neuropathology. In this study, we tested the efficacy of the selective CSF1R inhibitor JNJ-40346527 (JNJ-527) in the P301S mouse tauopathy model. We first demonstrated the anti-proliferative effects of JNJ-527 on microglia in the ME7 prion model, and its impact on the inflammatory profile, and provided potential CNS biomarkers for clinical investigation with the compound, including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics and efficacy assessment by TSPO autoradiography and CSF proteomics. Then, we showed for the first time that blockade of microglial proliferation and modification of microglial phenotype leads to an attenuation of tau-induced neurodegeneration and results in functional improvement in P301S mice. Overall, this work strongly supports the potential for inhibition of CSF1R as a target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other tau-mediated neurodegenerative diseases

Changes and effects of dietary oxidized lipids in the gastrointestinal tract

This paper is focused on the present state-of-the art of modifi cations and effects of dietary oxidized lipids during their transit along the gastrointestinal tract. A survey of the literature reporting changes and effects of oxidized lipids before absorption, fi rst in the stomach and then during enzymatic lipolysis in the small intestine, are addressed. Also, the fate of non-absorbed compounds and their potential implications at the colorectal level are discussed. Among the results found, it is shown that acidic gastric conditions and the infl uence of other dietary components may lead to either further oxidation or antioxidative effects in the stomach. Also, changes in oxidized functions, especially of hydroperoxy and epoxy groups, seem likely to occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase is not effective for triacylglycerol polymers, and hence they can be found as non-absorbed oxidized lipids in the large intestine. Interactions of oxidized lipids with cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and with microfl ora metabolism have been also observed.Peer Reviewe

Control discriminativo múltiple y novedad conductual

Partiendo de una concepción evolucionista acerca del comportamiento y dentro del marco teórico leccionista (Donahoe y Palmer, 1994), se revisan en primer lugar las propuestas teóricas surgidas dentro del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta y la Psicolog