On the stability and uniqueness of the flow of a fluid through a porous medium

© 2016, The Author(s). In this short note, we study the stability of flows of a fluid through porous media that satisfies a generalization of Brinkman’s equation to include inertial effects. Such flows could have relevance to enhanced oil recovery and also to the flow of dense liquids through porous media. In any event, one cannot ignore the fact that flows through porous media are inherently unsteady, and thus, at least a part of the inertial term needs to be retained in many situations. We study the stability of the rest state and find it to be asymptotically stable. Next, we study the stability of a base flow and find that the flow is asymptotically stable, provided the base flow is sufficiently slow. Finally, we establish results concerning the uniqueness of the flow under appropriate conditions, and present some corresponding numerical results

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE FOLÍCULOS PRÉ-ANTRAIS BOVINOS IN VITRO EM MONOCAMADA DE CÉLULAS OVARIANAS IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF BOVINE PREANTRAL FOLLICLES IN MONOLAYER OF OVARIAN CELLS

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a influência de células ovarianas no desenvolvimento in vitro de folículos pré-antrais, avaliar a viabilidade das células ovarianas em monocamada e a influência do soro na manutenção de folículos pré-antrais in vitro. Folículos pré-antrais (FPs) e células ovarianas foram isolados de ovários de fetos bovinos, com idade entre 6 e 8 meses de gestação, oriundos de matadouro. Células ovarianas em monocamada foram cultivadas em meio TCM-199, e a viabilidade celular, após o cultivo na presença ou ausência de FSH, foi determinada com o corante vital azul de tripan. FPs foram distribuidos em quatro tratamentos e cultivados em TCM-199 modificado, contendo soro de novilho castrado (SNC), SNC em monocamada de células ovarianas (MCO), MCO com FSH ou meio definido com álcool polivinílico (PVA) como macromolécula. A viabilidade celular não foi afetada em conseqüência da presença ou ausência de FSH. No entanto, houve um incremento significativo no tamanho dos FPs cultivados na presença de SNC, MCO e FSH (P<0,05), o que não foi observado nos demais tratamentos. A adição de FSH ao meio de cultivo não influencia a viabilidade de células ovarianas ao longo de 20 dias. Folículos pré-antrais, com área superficial entre 4000 e 8000mim², mas não folículos com área superficial superiores a 8000mim², crescem in vitro na presença de células ovarianas, independentemente da presença de FSH.<br>The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of ovarian cells in the in vitro development of preantral follicles (PF). The viability of monolayer ovarian cells and the effect of the serum in the survive of in vitro PF was also investigated. Ovarian cells and PF were isolated from ovaries of bovine fetus between 6 and 8 months of pregnancy, obtained in a slaughterhouse. Monolayer of ovarian cells were cultured in a modified TCM-199 in the presence and absence of FSH and its viability after incubation was determined with Trypan Blue. PFs were divided in four different treatments, cultured in modified TCM-199, containing serum of castrated steer (SCS), SCS in monolayer of ovarian cells (MOC), MOC with FSH or a defined medium with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as macromolecule. The cellular viability was not affected by the presence or absence of FSH. However, PFs had a significant development (P<0.05) when cultivated in the presence of SNC, MCO and FSH, which was not observed in the other treatments. With these results, it was possible to conclude that FSH does not influence the viability of the ovarian cells when cultured in a monolayer for 20 days. Preantral follicles, measuring between 4000 and 8000mum² but not with size greater than 8000mum², grow on ovarian cells in vitro, independently of FSH