Some bibliometric indexes for members of the Scientific Association of Animal Production (ASPA)

This study calculated several bibliometric indexes to analyze the scientific output of 363 members of the Scientific Association of Animal Production (ASPA) in Italy, based on their publications listed by ISIThompson, Web of Science database (search period from 1989 until 2006). Five main research areas were considered: AGR/17 (Animal genetics and breeding), AGR/18 (Animal nutrition and feeding), AGR/19 (Animal husbandry), AGR/20 (Poultry, rabbits and fish production) and External researcher (Ere). Position groups were: FP (Full Professor), AP (Associate Professor), Re (Researcher), EReUni (scientists working temporarily at the University or professors of an area different from AGR/17-20), and EReInst (scientists working at other institutions). Each institution was classified according to three geographical areas of Italy: North, Centre and South. Main calculated bibliometric indexes were: Ni = total number of papers published by member i over yi years; yi = number of years publishing of member i; Ci. = total number of citations of member i; IFpersonal. = Ci./Ni, Personal Impact factor of member i; Total IFjournal. = Sum of impact factor reported by the ISI-Thompson database of the journal in which a paper of member i was published (Journal Citation Reports Science Edition, 2004); Mean IFjournal. = Mean impact factor of all papers published in journals having a recognized IFjournal. by the ISI-Thompson database for member i; h = number of papers with at least h citations; m = h/y, i.e. average increase of h over the yi years publishing; and a = Ci./h2. Among the studied bibliometric indexes, Ni, Ci., Total IFjournal. and h are reliable, while IFpersonal. and Mean IFjournal. are not, to evaluate the scientific career of Animal Scientists in Italy. FP and members of AGR/17 tend to show the highest values of bibliometric indexes. Most ASPA members work in the North of Italy, which shows the highest median and highest percentage of scientists with maximum values for most bibliometric parameters. The scientific system of Animal Science in Italy has a fairly good degree of internationalization, but greater efforts should be made to increase the productivity and impact of Animal Scientists

Manuale per la stesura e la presentazione di tesi scientifiche

In questo manuale sono riportati, in maniera sintetica e schematica, sia indicazioni specifiche per la pianificazione e la stesura della tesi, che suggerimenti su come presentarla meglio davanti alla commissione d’esame

A Preliminary Study on a New Approach to Estimate Water Resource Allocation: The Net Water Footprint Applied to Animal Products☆

AbstractWe propose the Net Waterfootprint (WFPnet) method to estimate the water footprint (WFP) of food products, in alternative to the current WFP method, based on absolute values. We compared the WFP and WFPnet methods for cattle milk and meat production in different feed efficiency (high and low) and crop water use efficiency (WUE; high, medium and low) scenarios under Mediterranean conditions. The WFP values were, on average, much higher than the WFPnet values for both meat and milk. The WFPnet method appears to be able to properly quantify the water consumption needed for animal food production

Microarray data analysis of gene expression levels in lactating cows treated with bovine somatotropin

Administration of bovine somatotropin (bST) to lactating cows results in an increase in milk production from 10 to 15%. While physiological mechanisms involved in bST administration are well known, there is limited knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the bST action at genetic level. For this reason, a microarray experiment was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes when bST is given to milking cows. Sixteen high-density microarrays for cattle, each containing 18,263 gene spots, were used. RNA was extracted from the mammary tissue of four lactating Holstein cows, five and two days before, and one and six days after bST administration. A total of 1,251 and 1,167 differentially expressed genes were detected for mean and median expression intensities, respectively. Only the 115 genes which were identified by both mean and median intensities were taken into account. These genes were grouped into 8 clusters according to changes in expression through time points

Excretion of Aflatoxin M1 in milk of goats fed diet contaminated by Aflatoxin B1

An experiment was carried out to study the excretion of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk of three goats fed a single dose (0.8mg/head) of pure aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The values of AFM1 concentration excreted in milk was highly variable among goats, even if the pattern of excretion over time was very similar among the three animals. AFM1 was first detected at the milking performed 1h after the AFB1 administration. The highest values of AFM1 concentration in milk were reached 3 and 6h after the AFB1 intake. The trend of clearance of AFM1 in milk over time was expressed by a decreasing exponential equation. AFM1 concentration was below the EU maximum allowed level (50 ng/L) in milk collected 36 h after the AFB1 administration

Shearing influences the milk fatty acid profile of dairy ewes

In Mediterranean areas shearing is commonly performed during late spring and, therefore, ewes may be exposed to cold stress especially during the night. Short-term periods of cold exposure can increase hepatic glucose production, decrease insulin secretion and increase fat catabolism and plasma non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) concentration. These metabolic adaptations to cold exposure can increase the mammary uptake of long-chain fatty acid from plasma. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic response of dairy ewes to shearing by monitoring their milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Twelve 2-4-year-old Sarda ewes, in mid-late lactation, were used. The trial lasted from 30th May to 9th June 2006. The pre-experimental period (pre-shearing, PrS) was from 30th May to 5th June (shearing day), being followed by the experimental period (post-shearing, PoS) until 9th June. On shearing day, the flock was divided in two groups (6 ewes each) which were then managed differently: non-confined group (NCG) and confined group (CG) which was kept in a sheepfold during the night. Four samplings during PrS and other four during PoS periods were performed. During the trial, ewes were fed concentrate at 1000g/d per head, during the two daily milking, and hay ad libitum, and grazed on green clover (3h/day). Daily milk production was recorded and daily milk samples were collected for analysis of fat content and FA profile. Shearing did not influence milk yield but increased significantly milk fat content (6.37 vs. 6.94% for PrS and PoS, respectively; P<0.01). Ewes confinement during the night did not affect milk yield and its fat content. Shearing modified significantly the FA profile of milk. The concentration of C8, C10, C12 and C16 increased significantly from PrS to PoS. On the other hand, the content of long-chain FA (>C18:0) did not change between PrS and PoS (46.26 vs. 46.40mg/100g of FAME, respectively). These results suggest that the increase of milk fat after shearing was related to the increase of the main FA synthesized by the mammary gland. However, the unexpected increase in the synthesis of short- and medium-chain FA after shearing suggests that these animals were not subjected to cold stress. Therefore, the mechanism involved in the modification of the FA profile caused by shearing in dairy ewes should be elucidated

Models for estimating feed intake in small ruminants

This review deals with the most relevant limits and developments of the modeling of intake of sheep and goats reared intensively and extensively. Because small ruminants are normally fed ad libitum, voluntary feed intake is crucial in feeding tactics and strategies aimed at optimal animal production. The effects of genetic, neuroendocrine, hormonal, feed and environmental factors on voluntary feed intake were discussed. Then, several mathematical models to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) were examined, with emphasis on empirical models for sheep and goats in intensive farm systems or in extensive areas under pasture or rangeland conditions. A sensitivity analysis of four models of prediction of DMI in housed lactating dairy sheep and meat sheep breeds was also presented. This work evidenced a large variability in the approaches used and in the variables considered for housed sheep and goats. Regarding the estimation of feed intake for grazing sheep and browsing goats, the accuracy of estimates based on empirical models developed so far is very low when applied out of the boundaries of the studied system. Feeding experiments indoors and outdoors remain fundamental for a better modeling and understanding of the interactions between feeds and small ruminants. However, there is a need for biological and theoretical frameworks in which these experiments should be carried out, so that appropriate empirical or mechanistic equations to predict DMI could be developed

Seasonal variation in the fatty acid profile in meat of Sarda suckling lambs

This study evaluated temporal changes in fatty acid (FA) composition of meat from Sarda suckling lambs reared in Sardinia, with emphasis on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). From December to April, 25 lambs were randomly chosen in a slaughter house and slaughtered at about 30 days of age (5 lambs/rearing month). From each carcass, the Femoral biceps muscle was used to determine the chemical and FA composition. Intramuscular lipid content ranged from 1.72% to 2.34% and protein content from 19.2% to 20.2%. Concentrations of several FA and FA groups were significantly influenced by rearing month. The greatest variation between months was observed for monounsaturated FA (MUFA), which ranged from 35.3% to 43.5%, and total PUFA, which varied from 18% to 26% of total FA. The content of FA of interest, especially α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) acid, CLA and long chain PUFA n-3, i.e. EPA (20:5 n-3), DPA (22:5 n-3) and DHA (22:6 n-3), did not vary among months. Lamb meat analysed in the study evidenced a constant amount of FA of nutritional interest, especially of the omega-3 family and CLA, in all months.Highlights Composition and fatty acid profile of meat from Sarda suckling lambs were evaluated during different months of production. Suckling lamb meat evidenced a low fat content and a constant amount of PUFA n-3 in all slaughter months. PUFA n-3 and CLA did not vary with slaughter months in suckling lambs

Sfamare un mondo di nove miliardi di persone: le sfide per una zootecnia sostenibile

A dramatic increase of the demand for products of animal origin is expected to occur due to: i) the exponential growth of world's population, which should reach 9 billion people in 2050, according to FAO predictions, ii) the process of urbanization which will likely lead to a concentration of 60% of the population in urban areas by the same year, and iii) the increase of income of a large part of the population in emergent countries such as China and India. So far, the increased demand for food has been supplied by agriculture due to improvement of techniques, increase of cultivated land areas and increase of consumption of water and energy. Despite that, unequal food distribution throughout the world has lead to almost 1 billion undernourished or starving people at the first decade of the twenty-one century. In the future, it will be necessary to achieve a sustainable supply of food, especially of animal origin, because land and other production factors are not unlimited resources. This work deals with related problems and possible sustainable solutions for the increasing demand for products of animal origin, by a detailed analysis of the Animal footprint , i.e. the Ecological footprint of animal production

Feeding strategies to design the fatty acid profile of sheep milk and cheese

The majority of sheep milk produced in the world is transformed into cheese. Feeding is a major factor affecting the quality of sheep milk and, therefore, of sheep cheese. Because fat is the main compound of cheese, this review gives an update on the effects of feeding and nutrition on milk fat content and deeply discusses feeding strategies aimed at increasing the levels of healthy fatty acids (FA), such as conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 FA, in milk and cheese in the human diet. In addition, the use of alternative feed resources such as by-products, aromatic plants, and phenolic compounds in the sheep diet and their effects on milk and cheese FA composition are also discussed. Among feeding strategies, grazing and the use of supplements rich in oils seem to be the best and the cheapest strategies to improve the nutritional value of the fatty acid profile in sheep cheese