Historical Analysis of International Trade Flows in Forest Products - A Preliminary Paper

In this paper we outline some ideas on how to study the past behavior of the structure and dynamic changes in international flows of wood and wood products. We present some results of a share structure analysis carried out for three products and three years (Sawnwood, Pulp and Newsprint in 1971, 1975, and 1979) based on UN trade matrices as reported by importers. We also comment on the currently available FAO and UN data and their quality. This paper is a prelude to a detailed trade analysis for 13 products over the last two decades, which will be completed in the Forest Sector Project

Uso da toxina botulínica no controle do bruxismo

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Odontologia.A toxina botulínica é uma substância produzida pela bactéria Clostridium botulinum, e o seu uso oferece ao cirurgião dentista uma nova alternativa para controlar os sintomas do bruxismo. O bruxismo apresenta uma etiologia ampla, onde a gravidade do dano varia em cada indivíduo e por não possuir tratamento específico, cada paciente deve ser avaliado e tratado individualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura para determinar se o uso da toxina botulínica no controle do bruxismo é eficaz e seguro quando aplicado em indivíduos que sofrem com a parafunção. De acordo com os estudos revisados, a toxina botulínica tem se mostrado uma nova modalidade de tratamento eficaz, aliviando o apertamento e rangido dental, e também como consequência seus sintomas, como a dor muscular. Apesar dos resultados positivos, existe uma escassez de literatura em relação ao assunto, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados, com uma amostra adequada para consolidar o uso da toxina botulínica como um tratamento satisfatório e rotineiro do bruxismo.Botulinum toxin is a substance produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and its use provides the surgeon dentist a tool to control symptoms of bruxism. Bruxism has a broad etiology, where the severity of the damage varies by individual and by not having specific treatment, each patient should be assessed and treated individually. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review to determine whether the use of botulinum toxin in the control of bruxism is effective and safe when applied to individuals who suffer with this parafunction. According to the reviewed studies, botulinum toxin has been shown to be a new type of efficient treatment, relieving tooth clenching and grinding, and as a result their symptoms, such as muscle pain. Despite the positive results, there is a lack of literature on the subject, further studies with an adequate sample are needed to consolidate the use of botulinum toxin as a satisfactory and routine treatment of bruxism

A tensile strength apparatus with the facility to monitor negative pore-water pressure

This paper presents a new testing method for investigating the behaviour of clayey geomaterials subjected to a tensile (negative) total stress. The method includes the use of high capacity tensiometers to measure the pore-water pressure of the test specimen, an aspect which has not been demonstrated in any other direct tensile testing method. This addition allows interpretation of failure data in terms of effective stress rather than total stress, which is the approach that should be pursued in the saturated range. The test specimen shape and loading method have been modified from those commonly seen in existing literature to ensure that the direction of the major principal stress in the failure zone coincides with the direction of the externally applied tensile force, allowing for a more accurate analysis of tensile failure. Results are shown for saturated specimens and compared to results obtained for the same soil in uniaxial compression, using a modified version of the presented uniaxial tensile method, and a triaxial compression test. It is demonstrated that crack initiation occurs by shear failure if the data is interpreted in terms of effective stress rather than total stress, and that the failure mechanisms under tension do not differ from compression

An Historical Analysis of International Trade in Forest Products

In order to examine the long-term development of international trade in wood products, it is useful to study the patterns of past behaviour of trade. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of the structural characteristics of international trade in wood products over the last twenty years. The analysis reveals the structure of trade flows and their tendencies over time, together with the effects that trade policies have had on trade patterns. An attempt is then made to develop an understanding of the factors which have influenced these trade flows, via the application of gravitational models

Development of interconnected silicon micro-evaporators for the on-detector electronics cooling of the future ITS detector in the ALICE experiment at LHC

This paper was presented at the 4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2014), which was held at University College, London, UK. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute, ASME Press, LCN London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL University College London, UCL Engineering, the International NanoScience Community, www.nanopaprika.eu.The design of the future High Energy Physics (HEP) particle detectors for the upgrade of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiments at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is pushing technological frontiers to the limit trying to reach unprecedented accuracy in particles identification and particle production dynamics in ultra-relativistic hadron collisions. The thermal management of the on-detector electronics and the development of low mass integrated cooling systems have become a crucial task in the design of silicon tracking detectors for HEP applications. In this paper, we present a novel concept of low mass interconnected silicon microchannel devices for the future Inner Tracking System of the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) detector at LHC. This innovative design achieves the requirements of the detector while minimizing the total material budget

On the implementation of a recently proposed dosimetric formalism to a robotic radiosurgery system

The aim of this work is to implement a recently proposed dosimetric formalism for nonstandard fields to the calibration and small field output factor measurement of a robotic stereotactic radiosurgery system

Problems and Prospects of Developing Countries in Forestry and Wood-Processing Industries. Report from an IIASA/UNIDO Workshop

This paper reports in a summary form on the discussions during a workshop organized by IIASA and UNIDO in January 1983. The workshop treated problems and prospects relating to developing countries in the sectors of forestry and wood-processing industries. The results of the workshop will be used in IIASA's project "Structural Change in the Forest Sector" and in UNIDO's work on its world-wide study on wood and wood processing industries. The invited participants came mainly from developing countries and from the two institutions mentioned. The issues raised during the meeting are summarized systematically in Figure 2. The main concern of the meeting related to the sustainability of the wood resources, over-exploitation and depletion and suitable counter-balancing measures, such as afforestation, reforestation, and more efficient use of available resources. Trade patterns were also discussed. A global trade model for forestry industry products was presented

Clinical implications of the anisotropic analytical algorithm for IMRT treatment planning and verification

PURPOSE: To determine the implications of the use of the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm(AAA) for the production and dosimetric verification of IMRT plans for treatments of the prostate, parotid, nasopharynx and lung. METHODS: 72 IMRT treatment plans produced using the Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC)algorithm were recalculated using the AAA and the dose distributions compared. 24 of the plans were delivered to inhomogeneous phantoms and verification measurements made using a pinpoint ionisation chamber. The agreement between the AAA and measurement was determined. RESULTS: Small differences were seen in the prostate plans, with the AAA predicting slightly lower minimum PTV doses. In the parotid plans, there were small increases in the lens and contralateral parotid doses while the nasopharyngeal plans revealed a reduction in the volume of the PTV covered by the 95% isodose (the V95%) when the AAA was used. Large changes were seen in the lung plans, the AAA predicting reductions in the minimum PTV dose and large reductions in the V95%. The AAA also predicted small increases in the mean dose to the normal lung and the V20. In the verification measurements, all AAA calculations were within 3% or 3.5mm distance to agreement of the measured doses. Conclusions: The AAA should be used in preference to the PBC algorithm for treatments involving low density tissue but this may necessitate re-evaluation of plan acceptability criteria. Improvements to the Multi-Resolution Dose Calculation algorithm used in the inverse planning are required to reduce the convergence error in the presence of lung tissue. There was excellent agreement between the AAA and verification measurements for all sites

Design and Implementation of a Motif-based Compression Algorithm for Biometric Signals

Wearable devices are becoming a natural and economic means to gather biometric data from users: this thesis is centered around lossy data compression techniques, whose aim is to minimize the amount of information that is to be stored on their onboard memory and subsequently transmitted over wireless interfaces. A new class of codebook based (CB) compression algorithms is proposed, designed to be energy efficient, online and amenable to any type of signal exhibiting recurrent patternsope

Cognitive Dynamic Optical Networks

Cognitive networks are a promising solution for the control of heterogeneous optical networks. We review their fundamentals as well as a number of applications developed in the framework of the EU FP7 CHRON project