Análise Integrada de indicadores socioeconômicos e socioambientais na Avaliação do processo de desertificação na região nordeste do Estado da Bahia

Desertification has direct consequences on man and environment, and indirectly on the world economy, being one of the major environmental issues arising from increasing environmental degradation. In Brazil, according to data from the Ministry of Environment, 32 million people live in areas with potential of becoming desert, which is, in total, equivalent to 15.7% of Brazilian territory (O ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, 2007). According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), this phenomenon leads to deterioration of land, followed by loss of soil fertility, reduced water availability and productivity declines. Occurs in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions as products from factors such as climatic variations and human activities. Given this framework, the formulation of indicators of desertification in areas with these characteristics is fundamental to understand the extent of the problem. This research aimed to make an analysis of desertification indicators obtained for northeastern state of Bahia. The methodology of this study was based on the papers of Hector Mattalo Jr. (2001), which proposes the analysis of different indicators combined. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has realized a technological tool of great importance in this research, especially with regard to systems for data integration. On that perspective, this study helps to reveal, to characterize and monitoring the progress of desertification processes, but also generate database, enabling the formulation of adaptation measures and actions.Pages: 9252-926

Estimativa de fitomassa através de NDVI no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina

The fire is considered a natural phenomenon in the Chapada Diamantina National Park, however, increased their frequency and intensity makes it a problem due to the size of the areas that are affected. Ways of preventing the occurrence of fire have been developed in different environments and use the accumulation of biomass as a major variable in the diagnosis of areas of fire risk. This feature can be achieved through the use of remote sensing products such as vegetation index. The present study utilized a Landsat 5 satellite image dated 27 September 2009 to generate the NDVI and compare with field data. Field collections were made in three distinct phytophysiognomies for comparison with data generated by the index. Was used a simple linear regression for comparison with the values obtained. The correlation was very strong and positive (r = 0.9082) with highly significant P (P <0.05) between the two variables indicating the possibility of using biomass index for monitoring.Pages: 6066-607

Caracterização espectrorradiométrica dos litotipos do Grupo Una na sub-bacia de Una- Utinga no Estado da Bahia

Analysis of the spectral features observed in the visible and infrared radiation allows the identification of molecular and chemical composition of materials, with special patterns of reflection and absorption along the spectrum. This paper presents the partial results obtained from spectral characterization of rocks in the Una- Utinga sub basin in Bahia State (Brazil). The spectral measurements were acquired by a portable spectroradiometer model FieldSpec 3 (ASD) and they were analyzed semi-automatically by comparing the spectra obtained in the laboratory with the spectra from the USGS (United States Geological Survey) spectral library. The result obtained were a specific spectral library compatible with the descriptions found in the literature, that contain carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite), iron oxides and minerals containing OH (hydroxyl) molecule.Pages: 8544-855

Modelagem da vulnerabilidade à contaminação de aquíferos livres em região hidrográfica do semiárido baiano explorada pela agroindústria

The model of vulnerability to groundwater contamination was prepared for the upper basin excerpt Paraguaçu, Bahia state, using the index GOD, in order to indicate areas suitable for the introduction of contaminant loads due to the intense use of land by agricultural use, as well as a subsidiary instrument to generate spatial planning that integrates the groundwater resources. For this purpose, we used data from wells drilled and geological mapping together raised the state public agencies, and properly processed in the environment consisted of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to obtain three Information Plans (IPs): (a ) the degree of confinement of the aquifer, identified as free by the analysis of stratigraphic profiles, (b) the occurrence of strata of coverage based on pre-mapped rock units, and (c) distance from the groundwater to the surface, obtained by analysis of data points adjacent to the static level in drilled wells. The result of modeling performed by the superposition of these PIs in algebra cumulative indices showed varying from 0.42 to 0.63, meaning that the aquifer has medium and high vulnerability, the latter corresponding to approximately 96% of its total length. It is hoped that this research be useful in sustainable environmental management, supporting policies for conservation of groundwater resources, as provided for in national legislation.Pages: 6214-622

Identificação das zonas de ocorrência de incêndios no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina - BA

The occurrence of fires in Brazil is related to natural phenomena or human intervention in nature, aiming primarily economic interests. This study has the objective of identifying and quantifying the causes and frequency of forest fires, as well as comparing the number of hotspots with outbreaks numbers of fire in the period between the years 2004 and 2009 in the Chapada Diamantina National Park and its buffer zone. We analyzed data from the Fire Occurrence Reports associated with the information generated from the photo interpretation and digital image processing from the satellite Landsat-5. The results showed a deficiency in the identity mechanism of fire causes, revealing that although there was a reduction in numbers of outbreaks of fires from 2004 to 2009 the area affected increased. From fires whose causes are anthropogenic, 64% is agricultural and 36% is related to mining and hunting. This research allowed us to establish a connection between the occurrence of fires and the advancing occupation in the park buffer, which has led to the removal of natural vegetation by fire as much as in the buffer zone, increasingly used for activities related to mechanized agriculture, as for the park, by affecting the flora and fauna biodiversity.Pages: 8043-805

Análise do desempenho dos Índices de Vegetação NDVI e SAVI a partir de imagem Aster

The emergence of Vegetation Index, in 1960, contributes to the acquisition of important environmental information. Since then, several experts have worked on the improvement of this technique, in order to generate results closer to reality. The index most commonly used is the NDVI, which includes the range -1 to 1, varying with the density of vegetation. His improvement culminates in the SAVI, which employs a constant adjustment of the substrate L canopy. The present study aimed at comparing both indexes, applied in the caatinga biome, in order to conclude which one yields the best results. The study area is located at Embrapa Semi-Arid, Petrolina, Pernambuco. It was sought to demonstrate the importance of improvement of the indexes, with an emphasis on rigor and selectivity in choosing the most appropriate rate for the study area. For this, the bibliographic databases are guided with a greater emphasis on Ponzoni and Shimabukuro (2009) and Jensen (2009). The results show that the SAVI discriminate targets better, presenting a greater number of classes. NDVI, however, accused some peculiarities, such as saturation their values in relation to leaf area index and the influence of shadows of the plants. The details of the research is showed bellow.Pages: 1828-183

Quantificação e análise espacial dos focos de calor no Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina - BA

Fires in vegetation are pointed out as one of the main factors that impact and threaten the conservation of biodiversity in environmental systems. In Brazil, in the state of Bahia, Chapada Diamantina is one of the most affected region by constant burning, requiring huge investment of financial resources to fight the fires. Hotspots data detected by satellite sensors have been used to identify areas of occurrence of fires. From these data, estimates are made about the possible location and extent of affected areas, highlighting the temporal / spatial dynamic of fires. This study aimed to analyze the spatial behavior of hotspots between the years 2000 to 2011 in the National Park of Chapada Diamantina, in order to identify the areas of greatest intensity of fire occurrence obtained with the aid of Kernel intensity estimation. To this end, was made a survey of georeferenced hotspots existing into the park, organized a database, and then, in a GIS environment, modeled the distribution pattern of the set of points. According to the analyzed data, about 439 hotspots were detected by sensors aboard NOAA satellites - NOAA 12 and - 15 in the last 12 years within the park boundaries. It was found that the year of higher incidence of hot spots in the park was in 2008, when 243 focuses were detected. The number of hotspots recorded in 2008 represents about 55% of the total. It was found that 245 of the 439 spots detected were in the east border of the city of Mucugê (about 56%).Pages: 6969-697

Modelagem da Superfície Freática na Cabeceira da Bacia do Paraguaçu, Área do Agropolo Mucugê – Ibicoara, Estado da Bahia: Parâmetro para Estudos de Contaminação da Água Subterrânea em Aquíferos Livres

One of the variables to be considered in developing models of vulnerability to groundwater contamination is the distance from the water table in relation to the land surface. This factor influences the time required for a contaminant to reach the aquifer, integrating itself to this analysis, the physicochemical characteristics of the overlay material and the contaminant load. Using GIS functions, data obtained directly from the registration forms of drilling wells, databases and pre-existing data from SRTM, which underwent exploratory analysis, which led to the use of ordinary kriging estimator, fitting the model with the experimental theoretical exponential model. These procedures were derived from four outcomes: (a) depth of water table, (b) groundwater flow model, (c) potentiometric curves and (d) 3D model of the potentiometric surface. The distance of the water table to the surface indicates that there is large area of the unconfined aquifer whose depth is less than 10 meters, from which, considering the GOD method, it represents extremely vulnerable to this parameter. Another relevant analysis is the recognition that these are the most used areas by farming and by identifying the existence of two preferential directions of the groundwater flow, and the contaminant loads that may be inserted in this sub-basin which can reach the second and the third largest river of the state : Contas and Paraguaçu river respectively.Pages: 5592-559

Mapeamento da geodiversidade dos geossítios de Itaetê, inseridos em região potencial a geoparque

The elements of geodiversity are key to understanding the evolution of the earth and life. When inventoried and endowed with scientific and/or tourist and/or educational values, and geographically well delimited, they are consecrated as geosites. These, when they presents geoconservation strategies, sustainable and multidisciplinary development of the region, dialoguing with local communities and a good management structure, enable the implementation of a Geopark. This work aims to georeference and make the geoenvironmental characterization of three geosites in the municipality of Itaetê: the Caverna do Poço Encantado, the Caverna da Lapa do Bode and the Cachoeira Encantada, which in 2010 was in a perimeter under evaluation for the Chapada Geopark Diamantina by CPRM and also proposed by Pereira (2010). The methodological procedures consisted of literature reviews, fieldwork, use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Representative maps of geodiversity elements were generated, showing that the two caves are located on a carbonate plateau with a karst landscape, of the Salitre Formation, and the Enchanted Waterfall in a context between mountain ranges and structural steps of the Tombador Formation, both covered by Latosols. It was found that the region is attractive for geotourism, promoting knowledge of geosciences and that it can collaborate in the development of local communities.Os elementos da geodiversidade são peças-chave para entender a evolução da terra e da vida. Quando inventariados e dotados de valores científicos e/ou turístico e/ou educativo, e bem delimitados geograficamente, são consagrados como geossítios. Estes, quando apresentam estratégias de geoconservação, desenvolvimento sustentável e multidisciplinar da região, dialogando com as comunidades locais e boa estrutura de gestão, viabilizam a implantação de um Geoparque. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de georreferenciar e fazer a caracterização geoambiental de três geossítios do município de Itaetê: a Caverna do Poço Encantado, a Caverna da Lapa do Bode e a Cachoeira Encantada, que em 2010 esteve em um perímetro em avaliação para o Geoparque Chapada Diamantina pela CPRM e também proposta por Pereira (2010). Os procedimentos metodológicos consistiram em revisões bibliográficas, trabalho de campo, uso das técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Gerou-se mapas representativos dos elementos da geodiversidade, demonstrando que as duas cavernas estão inseridas em um planalto carbonático de paisagem cárstica, da Formação Salitre, e a Cachoeira Encantada em um contexto entre serras e degraus estruturais da Formação Tombador, ambos abrangidos por Latossolos. Averiguou-se que a região apresenta-se atraente para o geoturismo, promover o conhecimento das geociências e que possa colaborar para o desenvolvimento das comunidades locais

Comportamento espectral do solo da Caatinga em diferentes tipos de manejos

The premise that guides this work is to discriminate, from reflectance measurements obtained in the laboratory, the chemical attributes of the same type of soil in three experimental areas of the Embrapa at systems of distinct management and land use. The systems of use and management of the soils are: organic mango crop, Caatinga degraded and Caatinga preserved. Thus, it is expected that the soil characteristics can be estimated by differences at reflected energy. From the spectral analysis was possible to identify the attributes existing in the samples because the absorption bands which varied in breadth and depth, but not in placement.In part, this can be attributed to organic matter that directly affects the biological characteristics of the soil acting as a carbon source, energy and nutrients for microorganisms and is significantly correlated with the intensity of reflectance across the spectrum. Thus, from the spectra, it was found that the content of organic matter is higher in the savanna preserved because it has a lower reflectance, while the cultivation of organic mango has a higher reflectance consequently a lower content of organic matter. This research aims to assist the technical progress of agriculture as the basis for planning without affecting the environmental aspects.Pages: 9080-908