Biomineralisations en carbonate de calcium chez les métazoaires : tendances macro-évolutives - Défis pour la décennie à venir.

16 pagesInternational audienceCalcium carbonate-based biominerals, also referred as biocalcifications, are the most abundant biogenic mineralized products at the surface of the Earth. In this paper, we summarize general concepts on biocalcifications and we sketch macro-evolutionary trends throughout the history of the Earth, from Archean to Phanerozoic times. Then, we expose five fundamental issues that represent key-challenges in biocalcification researches for the coming decade: the first one concerns the comprehension of the micro- and nano-structure of calcium carbonate biominerals from a mineral viewpoint, while the second one deals with the understanding of the dynamic process of their fabrication. The third one treats the subtle interplay between organics and the mineral phase. The fourth issue focuses on an environmental challenge related to ocean acidification (OA); at last, the diagenetic processes that affect biogenic calcium carbonate mineral constitute the fifth issue.Les biocalcifications, ou biominéraux en carbonate de calcium, sont les minéralisations biogéniques les plusabondantes à la surface du globe. Le présent article montre comment les biocalcifications sont à l’origine de certainsconcepts scientifiques d’importance, et comment elles ont évolué au cours des temps géologiques, de l’Archéen au Phanérozoïque.Cinq défis majeurs y ayant trait sont ensuite identifiés pour les années à venir : le premier vise à comprendrela structure des biocalcifications aux échelles micro- et nanométriques, tandis que le second s’interroge sur leprocessus dynamique de leur formation. Le troisième défi traite des interactions complexes entre constituants organiqueset phase minérale. Le quatrième se focalise sur des questions environnementales cruciales, notamment l’acidificationocéanique. Le dernier défi consiste à comprendre comment les phénomènes diagénétiques et la fossilisationaffectent les biocalcifications dans leur globalité

Lipids or Proteins: Who Is Leading the Dance at Membrane Contact Sites?

Understanding the mode of action of membrane contact sites (MCSs) across eukaryotic organisms at the near-atomic level to infer function at the cellular and tissue levels is a challenge scientists are currently facing. These peculiar systems dedicated to inter-organellar communication are perfect examples of cellular processes where the interplay between lipids and proteins is critical. In this mini review, we underline the link between membrane lipid environment, the recruitment of proteins at specialized membrane domains and the function of MCSs. More precisely, we want to give insights on the crucial role of lipids in defining the specificity of plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) MCSs and we further propose approaches to study them at multiple scales. Our goal is not so much to go into detailed description of MCSs, as there are numerous focused reviews on the subject, but rather try to pinpoint the critical elements defining those structures and give an original point of view by considering the subject from a near-atomic angle with a focus on lipids. We review current knowledge as to how lipids can define MCS territories, play a role in the recruitment and function of the MCS-associated proteins and in turn, how the lipid environment can be modified by proteins

Proteomic Analysis of Lipid Droplets from Arabidopsis Aging Leaves Brings New Insight into Their Biogenesis and Functions

Lipid droplets (LDs) are cell compartments specialized for oil storage. Although their role and biogenesis are relatively well documented in seeds, little is known about their composition, structure and function in senescing leaves where they also accumulate. Here, we used a label free quantitative mass spectrometry approach to define the LD proteome of aging Arabidopsis leaves. We found that its composition is highly different from that of seed/cotyledon and identified 28 proteins including 9 enzymes of the secondary metabolism pathways involved in plant defense response. With the exception of the TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL2 protein, we did not identify enzymes implicated in lipid metabolism, suggesting that growth of leaf LDs does not occur by local lipid synthesis but rather through contact sites with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other membranes. The two most abundant proteins of the leaf LDs are the CALEOSIN3 and the SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE1 (AtSRP1); both proteins have structural functions and participate in plant response to stress. CALEOSIN3 and AtSRP1 are part of larger protein families, yet no other members were enriched in the LD proteome suggesting a specific role of both proteins in aging leaves. We thus examined the function of AtSRP1 at this developmental stage and found that AtSRP1 modulates the expression of CALEOSIN3 in aging leaves. Furthermore, AtSRP1 overexpression induces the accumulation of triacylglycerol with an unusual composition compared to wild-type. We demonstrate that, although AtSRP1 expression is naturally increased in wild type senescing leaves, its overexpression in senescent transgenic lines induces an over-accumulation of LDs organized in clusters at restricted sites of the ER. Conversely, atsrp1 knock-down mutants displayed fewer but larger LDs. Together our results reveal that the abundancy of AtSRP1 regulates the neo-formation of LDs during senescence. Using electron tomography, we further provide evidence that LDs in leaves share tenuous physical continuity as well as numerous contact sites with the ER membrane. Thus, our data suggest that leaf LDs are functionally distinct from seed LDs and that their biogenesis is strictly controlled by AtSRP1 at restricted sites of the ER

Screening for Toxic Amyloid in Yeast Exemplifies the Role of Alternative Pathway Responsible for Cytotoxicity

The relationship between amyloid and toxic species is a central problem since the discovery of amyloid structures in different diseases. Despite intensive efforts in the field, the deleterious species remains unknown at the molecular level. This may reflect the lack of any structure-toxicity study based on a genetic approach. Here we show that a structure-toxicity study without any biochemical prerequisite can be successfully achieved in yeast. A PCR mutagenesis of the amyloid domain of HET-s leads to the identification of a mutant that might impair cellular viability. Cellular and biochemical analyses demonstrate that this toxic mutant forms GFP-amyloid aggregates that differ from the wild-type aggregates in their shape, size and molecular organization. The chaperone Hsp104 that helps to disassemble protein aggregates is strictly required for the cellular toxicity. Our structure-toxicity study suggests that the smallest aggregates are the most toxic, and opens a new way to analyze the relationship between structure and toxicity of amyloid species

Contributions of biochemistry and proteomics to study cellular metabolism changes through two examples : amyloidogenesis of different ascomycete fungi proteins and characterization of the proteome of an invasive plant resistant to environmental stress

Un certain nombre de maladies neurodégénératives, comme la maladie de Creutzfeld-Jacob chez l'homme ou la maladie dite de "la vache folle" chez les bovins, sont dues au mauvais repliement d'une protéine cellulaire dite prion. Plusieurs protéines prions ont été identifiées chez des microorganismes comme Ure2p chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae ou HET-s chez Podospora anserina. Ces protéines sont non pathogènes pour l'homme et se comportent comme le prion de mammifères c'est à dire en s'assemblant également en fibres amyloïdes. Chez S. cerevisiae, la protéine Ure2p est associée au phénotype prion [URE3] et est agrégée dans ce type de cellule. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que les agrégats [URE3] obtenu in vivo étaient d'une nature différente des fibres amyloïdes produites in vitro. Dans un second temps, la technicité acquise au cours de l'étude biochimique d'Ure2p m'a permis d'aborder celle d'un orthologue, Ure2p de Saccharomyces paradoxus (Ure2p-Sp), qui n'est pas un prion "in vivo". Après avoir montré que les deux protéines sous forme soluble présentent les mêmes caractéristiques biochimiques, je montre qu'elles possèdent la même propension à former des fibres amyloïdes. Dans le cadre de cette étude nous montrons également que ces fibres sont infectieuses laissant penser qu'in vivo cette incapacité de la protéine Ure2p-Sp à basculer sous forme prion est plutôt due à une défaillance du mécanisme de propagation des prions plutôt qu'à une différence de la structure amyloïde proprement dite. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer qu'il était possible de transformer une protéine amyloïde non toxique en une protéine toxique en ne changeant que quelques acides aminés. En poursuivant cette étude par une étude in vitro, j'ai également pu observer que la protéine toxique s'organisait in vitro en de courtes fibres amyloïdes qui pouvaient mimer les intermédiaires responsables de la toxicité au cours des maladies neurodégénératives. Si dans cette première partie l'apport de la biochimie dans l'étude ciblée de différentes protéines amyloïdes de champignons ascomycètes est évident, l'étude des protéines peut également se faire par une approche biochimique globale sans a priori comme dans l'étude de la réponse protéique d'une plante à un stress environnemental. Grâce au séquençage des génomes, la biochimie post-génomique connait un essor exceptionnel et permet de mettre en évidence de nouvelles protéines dans le cadre d'études fonctionnelles. Dans ce but, j'ai mis en oeuvre une technique de protéomique différentielle : l'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle de type DiGE (Differential in-Gel Electrophoresis) dans le cadre de l'étude du protéome d'une plante invasive, le solidage Solidago canadensis, soumise à un stress d'origine anthropique. Cette étude protéomique vient en complément d'une étude phytosociologique des plantes capables de coloniser un sol très dégradé mais aussi de données de biodiversité, croissance et de mesures de la réponse anti-oxydante de ces végétaux. Cette analyse a révélé que sur des sols pollués, le solidage parvient non seulement à produire l'énergie nécessaire à sa croissance mais il parvient également à synthétiser les intermédiaires de biosynthèse du glutathion et des phytochélatines. Ainsi, le solidage est capable de s'adapter à ce milieu ce qui lui permet d'être tolérant à la pollution. Mes premiers résultats de biochimie post-génomique offrent de nouvelles bases pour la compréhension des mécanismes de tolérance au milieu de certaines plantes permettant le développement de technologies innovantes de phytorémédiation afin de restaurer les sols polluésA number of neurodegenerative illnesses such as Creutzfeld-Jacob disease in humans or the disease known as mad cow disease in bovine, are due to misfolding of a cellular protein called prion. These proteins are not pathogenic for human and can form amyloid fibers like mammalian prion. They are therefore a useful tool to study molecular events responsible for the emergence and propagation of prions. In S. cerevisiae, the Ure2p protein is associated with [URE3] prion phenotype and is aggregated in this cell. Initially, I developed the conditions to characterize Ure2p amyloid fibers by proteolysis and we showed that [URE3] aggregates obtained in vivo were different than amyloid fibers produced in vitro. In a second phase, the technicity acquired during the biochemical study of Ure2p allowed me to approach the study of an ortholog, Saccharomyces paradoxus Ure2p (Ure2p-Sp), which is not an "in vivo" prion. After showing that soluble forms of the two proteins have the same biochemical characteristics, I show that they have the same propensity to form amyloid fibers. In this study we show that these fibers are infectious in vivo, suggesting that the incapacity of Ure2p-Sp protein to switch into a prion form is rather due to a failure in prion propagation mechanism rather than differences in amyloid structure itself.Then using all technologies that I introduced in the laboratory, I studied the relationship between amyloid structure and toxicity in S. cerevisiae. We showed that it was possible to transform a non-toxic amyloid protein in a toxic form by changing only a few numbers of amino acids. An in vitro study has also shown that the toxic protein was organized into short amyloid fibers that could mimic the intermediates responsible for toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases.The last chapter of this manuscript focuses on research that I developed in the Laboratory of Ecotoxicology Interactions,Biodiversity, Ecosystems, Metz. Within this laboratory, we aim at identifying effects of disturbances and physico-chemical analysis of the mechanisms involved at different scales of observation, from organisms to ecosystems.Progress in genomes sequencing allows an exceptional development in post-genomic biochemistry and can highlight new proteins through functional studies. In order to better understand molecular events responsible for these responses, I introduce a differential technique of proteomics: a DiGE two-dimensional electrophoresis (Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis). I developed this technics in a proteome study of an invasive plant, the goldenrod Solidago canadensis, under metal stress. This proteomic study supplements a phyto-sociological study of plants competent in colonizing a very poor soil but also of biodiversity data, growth and measures of the antioxidant response of these plants. This analysis revealed that in polluted soils, the goldenrod achieves not only to produce energy for its growth but it also achieves to biosynthesize intermediates of glutathion and phytochelatins. Thus, the goldenrod is able to adapt to its environment, which allows it to be tolerant to pollution. My first results of post-genomic biochemistry provide new bases for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind environmental tolerances. These studies may help us to identify the most adapted plants to these environments and why they are. They may help us to understand the effects of these pollutants and allow the development of innovative technologies for phytoremediation to restore polluted soil

Data mining approaches to identify biomineralization related sequences.

24 pagesInternational audienc

Staining SDS-PAGE gels of skeletal matrices after western blot: a way to improve their sharpness.

7 pagesInternational audienceDenaturing 1D electrophoresis on acrylamide gels - also referred as SDS-PAGE - is a classical technique for fractionating and visualizing the macromolecular constituents of matrices associated to calcified tissues. This technique has been widely used in association with the subsequent silver nitrate staining. But because matrices associated to calcified tissues are very often glycosylated and constituted of numerous polydisperse macromolecules, the obtained pattern is frequently 'smeary' and discrete bands, when present on the gel, are often blurred, thickened or totally masked by the polydisperse macromolecules. In this paper, we present a simple protocol that can circumvent this drawback and 'clean' the gels. In short, after the classical migration step of the matrix macromolecules, the gel is transferred (electro-blotting) on a PVDF membrane, similarly to a Western blot, but for a shorter time (partial transfer, i.e., one hour or less). The gel is subsequently stained with silver nitrate. The likely effect of the transfer is to partly remove polydisperse macromolecules and to 'sharpen' the discrete bands. We think that this extra-step may improve in several cases the gel pictures of skeletal matrix components. We illustrate this phenomenon with two examples taken from brachiopod and mollusc shell matrices

Insight into the primary mode of action of TiO2 nanoparticles on Escherichia coli in the dark.

16 pagesInternational audienceLarge-scale production and incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP-TiO2 ) in consumer products leads to their potential release into the environment and raises the question of their toxicity. The bactericidal mechanism of NP-TiO2 under UV light is known to involve oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. In the dark, several studies revealed that NP-TiO2 can exert toxicological effects. However, the mode of action of these nanoparticles is still controversial. In the present study, we used a combination of fluorescent probes to show that NP-TiO2 causes Escherichia coli membrane depolarization and loss of integrity, leading to higher cell permeability. Using both transcriptomic and proteomic global approaches we showed that this phenomenon translates into a cellular response to osmotic stress, metabolism of cell envelope components and uptake/metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. This primary mechanism of bacterial NP-TiO2 toxicity is supported by the observed massive cell leakage of K(+) /Mg(2+) concomitant with the entrance of extracellular Na(+) , and by the depletion of intracellular ATP level

Organic matrices in metazoan calcium carbonate skeletons: composition, functions, evolution.

9 pagesInternational audienceCalcium carbonate skeletal tissues in metazoans comprise a small quantity of occluded organic macromolecules, mostly proteins and polysaccharides that constitute the skeletal matrix. Because its functions in modulating the biomineralization process are well known, the skeletal matrix has been extensively studied, successively via classical biochemical approaches, via molecular biology and, in recent years, via transcriptomics and proteomics. The optimistic view that the deposition of calcium carbonate minerals requires a limited number of macromolecules has been challenged, in the last decade, by high-throughput approaches. Such approaches have made possible the rapid identification of large sets of mineral-associated proteins, i.e., ‘skeletal repertoires’ or ‘skeletomes’, in several calcifying animal models, ranging from sponges to echinoderms. One of the consequences of this expanding set of data is that a simple definition of the skeletal matrix is no longer possible. This increase in available data, however, makes it easier to compare skeletal repertoires, shedding light on the fundamental evolutionary mechanisms affecting matrix components

Thermal stability of nacre proteins of the polynesian pearl oyster: a proteomic study.

13 pagesInternational audienc