La intervención personal de Dios en la historia de israel. El «yo» de Yahvéh en el libro de Amós

1. EN LOS ORÁCULOS CONTRA ISRAEL Y LOS PUEBLOS VECINOS (AM 1-2). a) La decisión de Yahvéh de castigar a Israel y a los pueblos vecinos por sus rebeldías, es irrevocable. b) La destrucción por un fuego. c) Además del fuego,Yahvéh castigará también de otra manera a los culpables. d) Intervenciones de Yahvéh en el pasado a favor de Israel. 2. EN LAS AMONESTACIONES Y AMENAZAS A ISRAEL (AM 3-6). a) Las tradiciones constitutivas de Israel como pueblo. b) Las ocasiones no aprovechadas (Am 4, 6-12). c) La crítica del culto de Israel (Am 5, 21-27). d) El juramento de Yahvéh. e) Los anuncios del castigo inminente. 3. EN LAS VISIONES DE AMÓS (AM 7, 1 - 9, 1-10). a) En el texto mismo de las cinco visiones. b) En el otro material oracular de esta parte. 4. EN LOS ORÁCULOS DE RESTAURACIÓN (AM 9, 11-15). CONCLUSIÓN

Expression of zebrafish pax6b in pancreas is regulated by two enhancers containing highly conserved cis-elements bound by PDX1, PBX and PREP factors

BACKGROUND: PAX6 is a transcription factor playing a crucial role in the development of the eye and in the differentiation of the pancreatic endocrine cells as well as of enteroendocrine cells. Studies on the mouse Pax6 gene have shown that sequences upstream from the P0 promoter are required for expression in the lens and the pancreas; but there remain discrepancies regarding the precise location of the pancreatic regulatory elements. RESULTS: Due to genome duplication in the evolution of ray-finned fishes, zebrafish has two pax6 genes, pax6a and pax6b. While both zebrafish pax6 genes are expressed in the developing eye and nervous system, only pax6b is expressed in the endocrine cells of the pancreas. To investigate the cause of this differential expression, we used a combination of in silico, in vivo and in vitro approaches. We show that the pax6b P0 promoter targets expression to endocrine pancreatic cells and also to enteroendocrine cells, retinal neurons and the telencephalon of transgenic zebrafish. Deletion analyses indicate that strong pancreatic expression of the pax6b gene relies on the combined action of two conserved regulatory enhancers, called regions A and C. By means of gel shift assays, we detected binding of the homeoproteins PDX1, PBX and PREP to several cis-elements of these regions. In constrast, regions A and C of the zebrafish pax6a gene are not active in the pancreas, this difference being attributable to sequence divergences within two cis-elements binding the pancreatic homeoprotein PDX1. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate a conserved role of enhancers A and C in the pancreatic expression of pax6b and emphasize the importance of the homeoproteins PBX and PREP cooperating with PDX1, in activating pax6b expression in endocrine pancreatic cells. This study also provides a striking example of how adaptative evolution of gene regulatory sequences upon gene duplication progressively leads to subfunctionalization of the paralogous gene pair

Study of connections between metabolic and neutral genetic diversities based on data integration on wild plants

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Does metabolomic diversity correlate with neutral genetic diversity? The case of tropical trees

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Connections between metabolic diversity and neutral genetic diversity. The case of a wild tree of African tropical forests

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Does the Phytochemical Diversity of Wild Plants Like the Erythrophleum genus Correlate with Geographical Origin?

Secondary metabolites are essential for plant survival and reproduction. Wild undomesticated and tropical plants are expected to harbor highly diverse metabolomes. We investigated the metabolomic diversity of two morphologically similar trees of tropical Africa, Erythrophleum suaveolens and E. ivorense, known for particular secondary metabolites named the cassaine-type diterpenoids. To assess how the metabolome varies between and within species, we sampled leaves from individuals of different geographic origins but grown from seeds in a common garden in Cameroon. Metabolites were analyzed using reversed phase LC-HRMS(/MS). Data were interpreted by untargeted metabolomics and molecular networks based on MS/MS data. Multivariate analyses enabled us to cluster samples based on species but also on geographic origins. We identified the structures of 28 cassaine-type diterpenoids among which 19 were new, 10 were largely specific to E. ivorense and five to E. suaveolens. Our results showed that the metabolome allows an unequivocal distinction of morphologically-close species, suggesting the potential of metabolite fingerprinting for these species. Plant geographic origin had a significant influence on relative concentrations of metabolites with variations up to eight (suaveolens) and 30 times (ivorense) between origins of the same species. This shows that the metabolome is strongly influenced by the geographical origin of plants (i.e. genetic factors).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Sílabo de Derecho de la Competencia

El curso de Derecho de la Competencia proporciona el conocimiento de los principios y normas legales que rigen el desenvolvimiento de los agentes económicos en el mercado, esto es, de los proveedores y consumidores, protegiendo los derechos de estos últimos y a la vez promoviendo una leal y honesta competencia entre aquellos. El curso se encuentra dividido en seis unidades y es de naturaleza teórico aplicativa

Expression of zebrafish in pancreas is regulated by two enhancers containing highly conserved -elements bound by PDX1, PBX and PREP factors-3

deletion constructs were made by enzymatic digestion at the sites indicated. A, B and C conserved regions of approximately 100-bp long are indicated by blue boxes. These DNA constructs were injected into zebrafish embryos and DSRED (-I transgenesis) or GFP (Tol2 transgenesis) transient expression was analysed at 24, 48 and 75 hours of development. The percentage of embryos expressing DSRED/GFP in the retina, the pancreas and the telencephalon versus the total number of embryos expressing DSRED/GFP (n) is indicated in brackets; the number of DSRED/GFP-expressing cells in each tissue (from +++ to +) is shown in the table. For the stable transgenic lines, n is the number of different transgenic founders obtained, and the level of DSRED expression is indicated (from +++ to -). Transient GFP expression in 75 and 48 hpf embryos injected with the full PO (FullP0), the A-deleted (P0-A) and the C-deleted (PO-C) constructs using Tol2-mediated transgenesis. DSRED expression in stable transgenic embryos at 48 hpf harboring the full P0 construct, the A-deleted construct or the B-deleted construct after -I transgenesis. Abbreviations: , I; , I; , I; , I; , pancreas; , retina; , telencephalon. All the embryos are presented in dorsal views with anterior on the left.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Expression of zebrafish in pancreas is regulated by two enhancers containing highly conserved -elements bound by PDX1, PBX and PREP factors"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/53</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2008;8():53-53.</p><p>Published online 16 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2409314.</p><p></p