Suicide et délinquance juvénile : phénomènes distincts ou manifestations d’une même problématique ?

Cet article examine la relation entre suicide et délinquance chez les jeunes. Une revue des recherches suggère que les comportements suicidaires sont exceptionnellement fréquents chez les jeunes Québécois qui présentent des comportements délinquants ou perturbateurs. Ainsi, au moins 32 % des jeunes de 18 ans et moins décédés par suicide au Québec au cours des années 1995-96 avaient reçu des services des Centresjeunesse, organismes responsables de l'intervention auprès des jeunes contrevenants et des jeunes en besoin de protection. Parmi ces victimes, les jeunes contrevenants et les jeunes qui ont des troubles sévères du comportement, qui constituent environ 33 % de la clientèle des Centresjeunesse, avaient commis 69 % des suicides. L'examen des recherches récentes propose trois ensembles d'hypothèses pour tenter d'expliquer les taux élevés de comportements suicidaires chez ces jeunes, hypothèses portant respectivement sur 1) la psychopathologie et les trajectoires de vie, 2) l'impulsivité, l'agressivité et la réaction au stress et 3) l'impact à plus ou moins long terme des événements de vie négatifs. Certains facteurs organisationnels liés aux milieux d'intervention destinés aux jeunes délinquants sont aussi discutés. En conclusion, nous faisons des recommandations pour améliorer la prévention du suicide dans ces milieux.This article examines the relation between juvenile delinquency and suicide in adolescents. A review of the research suggests that suicidal behavior is extremely frequent among Quebec delinquent or severely disruptive adolescents. At least 32 % of Quebec adolescents who committed suicide in 1995 and 1996 had been involved with the "Centres jeunesse" (CJ), a governmental organization in charge of juvenile delinquents and youths in need of protection. Among those suicide victims, juvenile delinquents and severely disruptive adolescents, who represent 33 % of CJ customers, committed 69 % of all suicides. A review of recent research suggests three sets of hypotheses for explaining the high level of suicidal behaviors among délinquant and disruptive adolescents, in terms of 1) psychopathology and Life history, 2) impulsivity, aggressivity, and stress adjustment, and 3) the short and long term impacts of negative life events. Certain organizational factors of the intervention environments for delinquent and disruptive adolescents are also discussed. In conclusion, we recommend strategies for improving suicide prevention in those environments

Le soutien social peut-il protéger les hommes de la tentative de suicide ?

Cette étude tente d’examiner si le soutien social peut constituer un facteur de protection de la tentative de suicide chez les hommes et, le cas échéant, à identifier quelles sont les formes et les sources de soutien les plus importantes. Elle compare deux groupes d’hommes qui ont vécu des événements de vie sévères au cours des 12 derniers mois : 40 hommes admis à l’urgence d’un hôpital suite à une tentative de suicide et 40 hommes sans antécédent suicidaire. Les résultats indiquent que les hommes qui ont tenté de se suicider perçoivent moins de soutien disponible dans leur entourage et sont moins satisfaits du soutien reçu suite à l’événement le plus difficile survenu au cours de la dernière année. L’aide tangible et l’assurance de sa valeur sont les formes de soutien les plus importantes. L’étude souligne l’importance du soutien social dans la prévention des comportements suicidaires chez les hommes.The goal of this study is to investigate whether social support may constitute a protective factor for attempted suicide among men and, if so, to identify the most important sources and forms of support. The study compares two groups of men who experienced comparable stressful events during the last 12 months : 40 men admitted to hospital emergency following suicide attempts, and 40 men with no history of suicide attempts. Results indicate that the men who attempted suicide perceive less support available and are less satisfied with the support they received following the most difficult stressful event that occurred in the last year. Concrete help and reassurance of worth are the forms of support that appear to be of most importance. This study highlights the importance of social support in the prevention of suicidal behaviours among men.Este estudio intenta examinar si el apoyo social puede constituir un factor de protección de la tentativa de suicidio en los hombres y, en caso contrario, identificar cuáles son las formas y fuentes de apoyo más importantes. Compara dos grupos de hombres que han vivido experiencias graves en el curso de los últimos 12 meses: 40 hombres admitidos en urgencias de un hospital después de una tentativa de suicidio y 40 hombres sin antecedentes de suicidio. Los resultados indican que los hombres que han intentado suicidarse perciben menos ayuda disponible en su entorno y están menos satisfechos del apoyo recibido después del evento más difícil transcurrido en el curso del último año. La ayuda tangible y tener la seguridad de ser valiosos son las formas de apoyo más importantes. El estudio subraya la importancia del apoyo social en la prevención de los comportamientos suicidas en los hombres.Este estudo tenta examinar se o apoio social pode constituir um fator de proteção da tentativa de suicídio nos homens e, se for o caso, identificar quais são as formas e as fontes de apoio mais importantes. Ele compara dois grupos de homens que viveram acontecimentos de vida graves durante os últimos 12 meses: 40 homens recebidos na urgência de um hospital por uma tentativa de suicídio e 40 homens sem antecedente suicidário. Os resultados indicam que os homens que tentaram se suicidar recebem menos apoio disponível ao seu redor e são menos satisfeitos do apoio recebido após o acontecimento mais difícil que ocorreu durante o último ano. A ajuda tangível e a segurança de seu valor são as formas de apoio mais importantes. O estudo ressalta a importância do apoio social na prevenção dos comportamentos suicidários nos homens

Stratégies d’adaptation et idéations suicidaires chez un groupe d’adolescentes ayant dévoilé une agression sexuelle

Une étude réalisée auprès de 52 adolescentes ayant été victimes d’agression sexuelle et provenant du Centre jeunesse de Montréal, du Centre jeunesse de la Montérégie et du Centre d’intervention en abus sexuel pour la famille de Gatineau (CIASF) a permis de documenter la prévalence des idéations suicidaires dans cet échantillon. L’objectif de cette étude était d’investiguer les stratégies d’adaptation utilisées par ces participantes pour faire face à l’agression sexuelle (recherche de soutien social, réévaluation positive / résolution de problèmes et évitement / distanciation). De plus, les liens existants entre les stratégies de coping et les idéations suicidaires ont été explorés. Les résultats indiquent que les adolescentes ayant été victimes d’agression sexuelle et ayant un désir suicidaire élevé se distinguent des victimes non suicidaires ou légèrement suicidaires, au niveau des stratégies d’adaptation employées pour faire face à l’agression sexuelle vécue. Finalement, l’implication de ces résultats en matière d’intervention est abordée afin d’orienter les pratiques des intervenants côtoyant des adolescentes présentant une double problématique (agression sexuelle et idéations suicidaires).Fifty-two female sexual abuse victims aged 12 to 17 years old were interviewed as part of a research project. They were recruited in three different settings : Centre jeunesse de Montreal, Centre jeunesse de la Montérégie and Centre d’intervention en abus sexuel pour la famille (CIASF) in Gatineau. The aim of the project was to document the prevalence of suicidal ideations in the sample and to explore the coping strategies (seeking social support, problem-solving and avoidance/distanciation) used by participants to face the sexual abuse. Moreover, the relationship between coping strategies and the presence/absence of suicidal ideations was investigated. Results indicate that sexually abused adolescents who present high suicidal intent differ from non-suicidal or low intent suicidal participants with regards to coping strategies used to face the sexual abuse. Finally, in light of the results, therapeutic implications are discussed to guide clinical workers who intervene with teenagers displaying this double problem (sexual abuse and suicidal thoughts)

Geothermal power plants with maximized specific power output : optimal working fluid and operating conditions of subcritical and transcritical organic rankine cycles

In this paper, the design of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is optimized by means of numerical simulations. The systems of interest are the subcritical and transcritical thermodynamic cycles. Optimizations are performed with the objective of determining the design that maximizes the specific power output. The design variables include the operating parameters (pressures, mass flow rates), and the best working fluid is determined by comparing the performance of 36 refrigerants. Optimization runs are performed for a wide range of geofluid temperatures (from 80 to 180 °C), and for a wide range of condenser temperature (from 0.1 to 50 °C). The results are summarized in charts that may be used as efficient tools for designing optimal geothermal power plants. Finally, an approximate analysis allowed to develop a new correlation for predicting the maximal specific power output of an ORC

Maximizing specific work output extracted from engine exhaust with novel inverted Brayton cycles over a large range of operating conditions

The heat contained in internal combustion engine exhaust gases can be converted into mechanical energy by using an Inverted Brayton Cycle (IBC). In this paper, five different IBC versions are numerically modeled and optimized to maximize their specific work output: (i) basic IBC, (ii) IBC with liquid water drainage (IBC/D), (iii) IBC with liquid water drainage and a steam turbine (IBC/D/S), (iv) IBC with liquid water drainage and a refrigeration cycle (IBC/D/R), and (v) IBC with liquid water drainage, a steam turbine and a refrigeration cycle (IBC/D/S/R). The three latter cycles are presented for the first time in literature. The optimization is performed for a wide range of inlet gases temperatures (600–1200 K) and heat sink temperatures (280–340 K). Among the five IBCs, the IBC/D/S/R has the highest specific work output for the whole range of operating temperatures. A comparison with the subcritical Rankine cycle and Organic Rankine Cycles using isobutane and benzene shows that an IBC system might be a better choice for specific operating temperatures. Liquid water addition in the IBC/D/S/R leads to optimized designs using only the steam turbine at high inlet gas temperatures, indicating that a Rankine cycle is better suited for these conditions

Maximizing specific work output extracted from engine exhaust with novel inverted Brayton cycles over a large range of operating conditions

The heat contained in internal combustion engine exhaust gases can be converted into mechanical energy by using an Inverted Brayton Cycle (IBC). In this paper, five different IBC versions are numerically modeled and optimized to maximize their specific work output: (i) basic IBC, (ii) IBC with liquid water drainage (IBC/D), (iii) IBC with liquid water drainage and a steam turbine (IBC/D/S), (iv) IBC with liquid water drainage and a refrigeration cycle (IBC/D/R), and (v) IBC with liquid water drainage, a steam turbine and a refrigeration cycle (IBC/D/S/R). The three latter cycles are presented for the first time in literature. The optimization is performed for a wide range of inlet gases temperatures (600–1200 K) and heat sink temperatures (280–340 K). Among the five IBCs, the IBC/D/S/R has the highest specific work output for the whole range of operating temperatures. A comparison with the subcritical Rankine cycle and Organic Rankine Cycles using isobutane and benzene shows that an IBC system might be a better choice for specific operating temperatures. Liquid water addition in the IBC/D/S/R leads to optimized designs using only the steam turbine at high inlet gas temperatures, indicating that a Rankine cycle is better suited for these conditions

Application des connaissances scientifiques en prévention du suicide : Vérification d’une stratégie fondée sur la communauté de pratique

Cet article a pour objectif de décrire une expérience pilote fondée sur les principes d’action des communautés de pratique (CoP), afin de rapprocher chercheurs et milieux de pratique en prévention du suicide et favoriser une meilleure utilisation des connaissances scientifiques. Des professionnels (n = 15) de différents organismes concernés par la prévention du suicide au Québec et disséminés sur tout le territoire (Centres de prévention du suicide, centres jeunesse, direction de santé publique, milieux hospitaliers), ainsi que des chercheurs (n = 4) et un animateur de la communauté ont participé à cette expérience innovante. La CoP a permis d’obtenir des effets sur la réceptivité envers les connaissances, l’accès aux ressources et aux connaissances et le développement de collaboration entre les membres. Des conditions préalables semblent cependant nécessaires à des collaborations accrues entre recherche et pratique, notamment un rapprochement sur le plan des valeurs et une relation fondée sur la confiance et le respect de l’autre et la capacité d’investir du temps dans le développement de relations de travail.The objective of this article is to describe a pilot experiment based on community of practice (CoP) action principles and aimed at bridging the gap between suicide prevention researchers and practitioners and encouraging better utilization of research knowledge. Participants in this innovative experiment included professionals (n = 15) from a variety of Quebec organizations concerned with suicide prevention located throughout the province (suicide prevention centers, youth centers, public health department, hospital settings), researchers (n = 4) and one community animator. The CoP made it possible to obtain effects on receptivity to knowledge, access to resources and knowledge, and the development of collaboration between members. However, it would appear that certain preconditions are necessary for increased collaboration between researchers and practitioners, notably the development of greater common ground in terms of values and a relationship based on trust and mutual respect and the ability to invest time in the development of work relations

Comparison of determinants of research knowledge utilization by practitioners and administrators in the field of child and family social services

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An important gap exists between research production and its utilization. Few studies have examined the factors affecting knowledge utilization in the field of child and family social services.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The objectives of the study are to describe knowledge utilization by child protection administrators and practitioners (N = 477) and to compare factors related to knowledge utilization by these two occupational groups. The study was conducted with an adapted version of the <it>Questionnaire sur l'utilisation des connaissances </it>(Knowledge Utilization Questionnaire). Factor analysis was used to collapse data collected on the questionnaire items. Factor score for each respondent served as independent variables in three separate multivariate regression analyses to explore variables likely to predict research-based knowledge utilization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A minority of respondents (18%) report using on a frequent basis research-based knowledge in their practice. Relational capital between researchers and users and perceived usefulness of research based knowledge were the two factors most strongly related to utilization. There was a specificity in the factors associated with knowledge utilization according to occupational groups in child protection organizations. Use of active knowledge transfer strategies was associated with knowledge utilization by practitioners, while knowledge dissemination efforts played a more significant role for administrators.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results encourage both the use of strategies differentiated according to users and the intensification of interactions between users and researchers to foster research knowledge utilization.</p

Time- and Dose-Related Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Its Main Metabolites on the Function of the Rat Fetal Testis in Vitro

International audienceBACKGROUND: Endocrine-disrupting effects of phthalates are understood primarily from in utero exposures within the fetal rat testis. Nevertheless, their path of action, dose-response character, and cellular target(s) within the fetal testis are not known. OBJECTIVES: In this study we investigated the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and several of their metabolites on the development of organo-cultured testes from rat fetus. METHODS: We removed testes from 14.5-day-old rat fetuses and cultured them for 1-3 days with or without DEHP, MEHP, and the metabolites. RESULTS: DEHP (10(-5) M) produced a proandrogenic effect after 3 days of culture, whereas MEHP disrupted testis morphology and function. Leydig cells were the first affected by MEHP, with a number of them being inappropriately located within some seminiferous tubules. Additionally, we found a time- and dose-dependent reduction of testosterone. By 48 hr, gonocyte proliferation had decreased, whereas apoptosis increased. Sertoli cell number was unaffected, although some cells appeared vacuolated, and production of anti-Müllerian hormone decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The derived metabolite mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate was the only one to cause deleterious effects to the rat fetal testis in vitro. CONCLUSION: We hope that this in vitro method will facilitate the study of different phthalate esters and other endocrine disruptors for direct testicular effects