Turkey’s Foreign Policy Towards its Post-Soviet Black Sea Neighbourhood

This paper discusses the main strands of Turkey’s post-Cold War foreign policy in its post-Soviet Black Sea neighbourhood of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine with a focus on the period of Justice and Development Party rule (2002-2018). Based on the analysis of Turkey’s rhetorical stance towards the region’s countries and its actual interaction across five sectors –trade, energy, security, education/culture and migration –our findings demonstrate that the foreign policy rhetoric with its strong emphasis on historical ties, economic and energy cooperation and support for regional countries’ territorial integrity is not matched by Turkey’s observable engagement.An important factor for the mismatch between rhetoric and engagement is that relations with the region are seen at least partly through the prism of Turkey’s more salient relations with Russia. While not a priority region, Turkey’s policy towards this space gained momentum after 2002 when the Turkish government increasingly voiced regional ambitions and sought to leverage its neighbourhood for a more prominent global role.Accordingly, Turkey’s engagement with the six countries varies depending on cultural proximity, diaspora ties and the country’s potential to serve Turkey’s regional ambitions. Relations with Azerbaijan are therefore the most intense while those with Belarus the most aloof. In terms of sectoral engagement, economic links but also culturaland educational ties are promoted most actively and consistently. Turkey is more ambiguous with regard to security and pays little attention to migration.A substantial contribution to relations with the post-Soviet neighbourhood is on the other hand madeby Turkish non-state actors, especially the business community

Ray Pointer: The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer: American Animation Pioneer

Panoram

Die Europäische und die Indische Union - ein langer Weg zur strategischen Partnerschaft

Die EU und Indien, die sich beide als "Union" bezeichnen, haben ihren Ursprung in der unmittelbaren Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Trotz ihrer sehr unterschiedlichen Natur und Entwicklungsgeschichte stehen beide zu Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends vor vergleichbaren Herausforderungen und hegen ähnliche Ambitionen. Angesichts des Aufstiegs Chinas und der dauerhaft großen Dynamik der USA sehen beide die Notwendigkeit zu einschneidenden Reformen, um den eigenen Ambitionen, ein wichtiger "Player" in einer künftigen multilateralen Ordnung zu werden, zu entsprechen