Determining Frying Oil Deterioration Using Chemical and Physical Methods

This research was performed to assess the oil deterioration during deep fat frying. It was also conducted to compare and correlate oil quality parameters namely, total polar compound (TPC), free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), P-Anisidine value (p-AV), specific extinction (E1%lcm233, 269nm), iodine value (IV), flavor, color, viscosity, with changes in the heating profile of melting point, and investigate changes in the properties of oils with different kinds of food during deep-fat frying of chicken, banana and sweet potato. The frying oil consisted of five types of commercial oils, namely, canola, corn, soybean, sunflower and palm olein. These oils were used to fry, banana, sweet potato and chicken at 185 ± 5°C for 6 hr per day for sixe days until the total time of 30 hours with an interval time of 20 min. One and half kilograms of each oil sample to be tasted and 100g of each fried product was used for the frying. The frying time was set for 7 minute for banana and sweet potato and 1 5 minute for chicken. Each day, fresh oil was added to replenish the oil used. Oils used were withdrawn on the following day and before starti ng the next frying cycle and was kept in the freezer at -20˚C. The oils were analyzed for PV, N, p-AV, FFA, E1%lcm233, 269nm, TPC, color, viscosity, flavor (by zNose) and thermal behavior (melting point by DSC). In this study, DSC was used to monitor the deterioration of frying oils during deep fat frying based on qualitative investigation of the thermal behavior (melting point). The investigation began with the successful comparison of the DSC thermal curves of five different vegetable oils. The heating thermogram for the oils showed varying degree of changes especially in the last melting peak position during the course of frying. The heating thermogram showed that there is one major peak and two small shoulders peaks and used the offset of last melting peak; ("the last order peak of the DSC heating thermogram was used to represent the changes in melting point"). Flavor analysis is typically performed by a qualitative analysis of zNose chromatogram. A novel approach using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensing based electronic nose for favor analysis was used in this study for detecting the losing of volatile compound in vegetables oils. A statistical correlation was carried out on the DSC heating thermogram with standard chemical and physical methods. Significant linear relationship was found between melting point, TPC, N, E1%1cm233 , 269nm and viscosity. The DSC heating thermogram showed excellent correlation (P<0.05) with the standard chemical analysis.The finding of this study reveals that palm olein showed significantly (P<0.05) lower in all measured parameters than the other oils used. The extent of oil deterioration was best reflected in the changes in percent TPC, N, E1%cm at 233n

Determination of the extent of frying fat deterioration using differential scanning calorimetry.

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess oil deterioration compared with known chemical parameters. Five different types of edible oils, namely, corn oil, soybean, sunflower, canola and palm olein, were used in this study and banana was used as the fried product. Batches of banana approximately 5-7 cm in length were cut into uniform wedges and then were fried at 180±5°C. The frying was intermittent and continued for 5 hours a day for six consecutive days (a total of 30 hours). The changes in the thermal properties of all used oils were studied and compared. A simple method was developed for monitoring the oil deterioration by DSC based on the heating thermogram of the used oil samples at scanning rate of 5°C/min from -70 to 70°C. The heating thermogram for the oils showed varying degree of changes especially in the major melting peak position during the course of frying. At the end of frying days changes in the peak temperature of the major melting peaks for all the oil was found to increase significantly (P<0.05) from the initial day to the last day of frying, the values were: corn oil (-23.1 to -5.4°C), soybean (-23.5 to -2.2°C), sunflower (-10 to -1.33°C), canola (-10 to -2.7°C) and palm olein (14.6 to 19.9°C). The deterioration of used oil was also assessed by determination of total polar compound (TPC) percent, iodine value (IV), specific extinction E1% at 233 and 269 nm and changes in viscosity (cP). The extent of oil deterioration was best reflected in the changes in TPC percent for all used oils. The changes from the initial to the final values were: corn oil (3.8 to 37.6%), soybean (4.7 to 35.3%), sunflower (3.5 to 32.7%), canola (2.0 to 24.4%) and palm olein (3.3 to 20.5%). There was a good positive correlation between the major peak temperature values from the DSC heating thermogram and the TPC for all the oils tested

Microstructure evolution during high-pressure spark plasma sintering (HPSPS) of transparent alumina

Applying high-pressure during spark plasma sintering (so-called HPSPS) enables rapid densification of a ceramic powder at relatively lower temperatures, limiting grain growth and allowing fabrication of fine-grained highly transparent ceramics. The present work focuses on the fabrication of fine submicron transparent alumina from untreated commercial powder by HPSPS and the microstructure evolution during consolidation under high applied pressure. The sintering was conducted at relatively low temperatures (1000-1100°C) under high pressure varied from 250 to 800 MPa. We review unique sintering phenomena such as stress-enhanced grain growth and de-sintering, which are related to creep taking place during the final stage of pressure-assisted densification. In addition, optical and mechanical properties of obtained samples are discussed. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Photoluminescence in SPS-processed transparent Ce:YAG ceramics

Ceramic phosphors display great promise for the realization of high-power lighting devices. Cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) is commonly used as a phosphor in white light emitting diodes. Therefore, it was chosen as a case study to investigate photoluminescence of transparent ceramic phosphors fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). In the present work, 0.5 at.% Ce:YAG nano-powder was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and subsequently consolidated by SPS into highly transparent ceramic samples. The effect of varying sintering parameters (temperature and pressure) and post-sintering treatments (hot isostatic pressing and air atmosphere thermal treatment) on optical properties was investigated. Correlations between in-line transmittance, photoluminescence (PL) and residual porosity characteristics (pore size and volume fraction) were established. It was also found that PL emission intensity and external quantum efficiency were significantly affected by intentionally created surface roughness. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Omplacerad eller utsorterad? - En studie om den rättsliga utvecklingen kring reglerna om omplacering i 7 § andra stycket LAS och omplacering i turordning enligt 22 § fjärde stycket LAS

The Employment Protection Act from 1974 was implemented in to Swedish law as a way to secure the employments of the employees. Before the implementation of the Act, the rights of the employees were regulated in collective agreements. By then there were only some rights regulated in the law. Some of the regulations that were implemented in to the Employment Protection Act was the 7§. The 7 § states that dismissal on the part of the employer has to have just cause. However, if it can be reasonably required that the employer transfer the employee to another job, there will be no just cause for dismissal. Another rule that was implemented was the 22 § of the Employment Protection Act. The purpose of the 22 § was to prevent the employer to one-sidedly choose which employees that would be dismissed in case of shortage of work. According to the 22 § the employees are to be transferred within their operational unit. If there is a collective agreement a priority list will be determined for each area of collective agreement. The employees with the longest total period of service for the employer, are prioritized a head of those with shorter period of service for the employer. The purpose of this essay was to examine what rights the employees have when transferred. Also what obligations and rights the employees have when transferring. More precisely the essay examined how the rules in 7 § relate to the rules of 22 § in the Employment Protection Act. I have used a legal dogmatic method to achieve the purpose of the essay. There has also been a critical perspective and a historical perspective to the analysis. There are different opinions regarding what order the rules should be applied. In what order the rules are applied results in different consequences for the employees. In the beginning the judgements of the Swedish Labour Court was indefinitely. Although with time, there were some judgements that clarified the matter. In the case AD 1996 nr 144 the Swedish Labour Court proclaimed that the priority rules would not be applied on the transfers according to the 7 §. The Swedish Labour Court also decided in the case AD 2005 nr 57 that if the employee turned down a reasonable offer of transfer, the rules of priority would not apply. In the case AD 2009 nr 50 the court proclaimed that the 7 § would be applied before the priority rules in the 22 §. Lastly the court proclaimed in AD 2011 nr 30 that the priority rules would not be applied before 7 § even if the consequence of not receiving an offer of transfer would be dismissal. There are those in the area of jurisprudence that are critical to these rulings. To apply the 7 § before the making of a priority list according to 22 § is considered by some, a way to reduce the rights of the employees. My conclusion is that it must be difficult for employees to know what a reasonable offer of transfer is. My conclusion is also that the order of the rules should change, so that the priority rules in 22 § is considered before the 7 §.Lagen om anställningsskydd infördes år 1974 för att trygga anställningen för alla enskilda arbetstagare på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Tidigare hade arbetstagarnas rättigheter reglerats i kollektivavtal och endast vissa arbetstagares rättigheter var reglerade i lag. Några regler som infördes i 1974 års lag var bland annat saklig grund för uppsägning enigt 7 § LAS. För att saklig grund skulle anses föreligga, krävdes dock att arbetsgivaren omplacerade arbetstagaren. Turordningsregler infördes i 22 § LAS. Syftet med turordningsreglerna var att förhindra att arbetsgivaren ensidigt valde ut vilka arbetstagare som skulle sägas upp från anställningen när det råder arbetsbrist på arbetsplatsen. Arbetstagarna ska enligt 22 § omplaceras inom sin turordningskrets. De arbetstagare med längst anställningstid har företräde till omplacering framför de arbetstagare med kortare anställningstid, det krävs dock att arbetstagaren har tillräckliga kvalifikationer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka rättigheter arbetstagare samt vilka skyldigheter arbetsgivare har vid omplacering på grund av arbetsbrist. Mer precist ska arbetet handla om att undersöka hur reglerna om omplacering i 7§ andra stycket LAS förhåller sig till reglerna om omplacering i 22 § LAS. Arbetet har utgått från en rättsdogmatisk metod. Syftet och frågeställningarna besvaras ur ett kritiskt och rättsgenetiskt perspektiv. Problematiken som uppstått gällande förhållandet mellan reglerna är att det råder oenighet i vilken ordning de ska tillämpas. Vilken ordning bestämmelserna tillämpas får nämligen olika konsekvenser för arbetstagarna. Arbetsdomstolens avgöranden var till en början oklara gällande förhållandet mellan omplaceringsreglerna. Med tiden kom avgöranden som klargjorde rättsläget. I AD 1996 nr 144 anförde domstolen att turordningsreglerna inte ska tillämpas på omplaceringar i 7 § andra stycket LAS. Domstolen hävdade i AD 2005 nr 57 att när en arbetstagare tackar nej till ett skäligt omplaceringserbjudande enligt 7 § LAS, ska reglerna om turordning inte tillämpas. I domen AD 2009 nr 50 slog arbetsdomstolen fast att 7 § LAS ska tillämpas före 22 § LAS. Slutligen ansåg domstolen i AD 2011 nr 30 att omplaceringserbjudanden enligt 7 § inte behöver ges i turordning, även om konsekvensen av att inte få ett erbjudande är uppsägning. Dessa avgöranden har kritiserats i doktrin. De finns dem som hävdar att domstolens uttalanden har lett till ett kringgående av lagstiftningen och att arbetstagarnas rättigheter inte beaktas. Jag har i uppsatsen kommit fram till att det är svårt för den enskilde arbetstagaren att avgöra vad som är ett skäligt omplaceringserbjudande. Det måste därför göra anställningen otrygg för den enskilde arbetstagaren, eftersom denne inte vet vilka omplaceringserbjudanden denne kan tacka nej till. Jag har också kommit fram till slutsatsen att turordningsreglerna i 22 § LAS bör beaktas i före 7 § LAS för att på bästa sätt tillgodose arbetstagarnas anställningsskydd

Effect of Mn doping on densification and properties of transparent alumina by high- pressure SPS (HPSPS)

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Role of Health Education in Raising Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage among Pregnant Women and Mothers with Newborns in Khartoum North-Sudan, 2019

Tetanus is an acute disease caused by the toxin of a bacterium called Clostridium tetani which is often found in soil. It is a life-threatening bacterial disease, which causes severe mortality among maternal, neonatal, and young infant. It is so serious even it can waste pregnancy, harm her baby during pregnancy or after delivery. A quasi experimental community based study was conducted among pregnant women and mothers with newborns in Khartoum North Locality from 2015-2019 with the aim to assess the effectiveness of health education intervening in raising tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage among pregnant women and mothers with new born. 266 participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. The intervention that continued for six months includes; health talks, home visits, video show, presentations with power points, focus groups discussion, exhibitions, distribution of printed materials, pamphlets, brochures and posters. The data was statistically analyzed by using the (SPSS) and significant t and c2 - tests. The result showed a significant increase in the participants’ knowledge after the intervention towards tetanus toxoid at P value 0.00, the mode of infection with tetanus at P value 0.00, vulnerable group to tetanus at p value is 0.00, the seriousness of the tetanus at P value 0.00, neonatal tetanus at P value 0.00. There was a significant positive modification of the participants’ attitudes towards the easiness to communicate with the health workers at P value 0.00. The result showed a significant change in the participants’ practices towards vaccination against tetanus toxic at P value 0.00 and significant change towards taking vaccine dose regularly at P value 0.00. The study recommended that Federal Ministry of Health has to conduct many health education interventions to raise the tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage

The DivJ, CbrA and PleC system controls DivK phosphorylation and symbiosis in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium that invades the root nodules it induces on Medicago sativa, whereupon it undergoes an alteration of its cell cycle and differentiates into nitrogen-fixing, elongated and polyploid bacteroid with higher membrane permeability. In Caulobacter crescentus, a related alphaproteobacterium, the principal cell cycle regulator, CtrA, is inhibited by the phosphorylated response regulator DivK. The phosphorylation of DivK depends on the histidine kinase DivJ, while PleC is the principal phosphatase for DivK. Despite the importance of the DivJ in C. crescentus, the mechanistic role of this kinase has never been elucidated in other Alphaproteobacteria. We show here that the histidine kinases DivJ together with CbrA and PleC participate in a complex phosphorylation system of the essential response regulator DivK in S. meliloti. In particular, DivJ and CbrA are involved in DivK phosphorylation and in turn CtrA inactivation, thereby controlling correct cell cycle progression and the integrity of the cell envelope. In contrast, the essential PleC presumably acts as a phosphatase of DivK. Interestingly, we found that a DivJ mutant is able to elicit nodules and enter plant cells, but fails to establish an effective symbiosis suggesting that proper envelope and/or low CtrA levels are required for symbiosis.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM31010

Carbon uptake and distribution in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) processed Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) rapidly consolidates high-melting point powders between carbon dies, but carbon can pose a risk for many materials. Carbon uptake in SPS and conventional, pressure-less sintered (CS) Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z has been analysed using Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) to produce high-detail elemental distribution maps. Field's metal was used as mounting material to avoid introducing carbon into the samples. The distribution maps show high surface carbon levels in the SPS-processed Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z to a depth of 10 μm. Much less carbon was observed in CS Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z. Furthermore, elemental carbon analysis (LECO-C) confirmed carbon was most abundant at the surface in SPS-processed Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z but also at higher levels internally, when compared to the CS sample. It is inferred that the carbon contamination is due to the contact between the powder and the graphite die/paper at elevated temperatures during SPS process. The measured levels of carbon in the SPS-processed sample are not expected to significantly impact the magnetic properties of Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z. These results may have implications for other powder materials processed by SPS with properties sensitive to carbon