80 research outputs found
Driver trust and reliance on a navigation system: Effect of graphical display
International audienceThe present study investigates the influence of in-car navigation system graphicâs appearance on driver trust and reliance on the system. Two navigation systems were used: one with a realistic interface and one with a symbolic interface. During driving sessions on a simulator, the systems committed some guidance incoherencies regarding road signs present in the virtual environment. Subjectâs trust and reliance on navigation systems were measured and compared between both systems. Result showed a higher level of trust for the realistic appearance system than for the symbolic one during the whole experiment. The presence of incoherencies decreased trust level for both systems but without any significant difference. No difference in systemâs reliance was found but two groups of subjects were identified. One group is highly relying on both navigation systemsâ indication when incoherence occurs whereas the other group was not. This study highlights the interaction of subjective items, as system graphical appearance, on user trust. Further experiments using a modified experimental setup may be needed to analyze precisely the influence on user relianceCette Ă©tude analyse lâinfluence de lâapparence graphique dâun systĂšme dâaide Ă la navigation sur le niveau de confiance et dâutilisation du systĂšme par le conducteur. Deux systĂšmes dâaide sont utilisĂ©s : un avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste, et un avec une interface graphique simpliste. Durant des sessions de conduite rĂ©alisĂ©es sur simulateur, des incohĂ©rences dans le guidage du systĂšme vis-Ă -vis des panneaux prĂ©sent dans lâenvironnement routier seront commises. Le niveau de confiance des sujets envers le systĂšme et son utilisation sont enregistrĂ©s et comparĂ©s entre les deux systĂšmes dâaide Ă la navigation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un niveau de confiance plus Ă©levĂ© tout au long de lâexpĂ©rience pour le systĂšme avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste. La prĂ©sence dâincohĂ©rences de guidage engendre bien une diminution du niveau de confiance mais sans diffĂ©rence notable entre les deux systĂšmes. Aucune diffĂ©rence du niveau dâutilisation nâest enregistrĂ©e mais deux groupes de sujets sont identifiĂ©s. Un groupe de sujets se fie largement aux directions indiquĂ©es par les deux systĂšmes lors des incohĂ©rences, alors que lâautre groupe non. Cette Ă©tude souligne les interactions dâĂ©lĂ©ments subjectifs, comme lâapparence graphique dâun systĂšme, sur le niveau de confiance de lâutilisateur. Une autre phase expĂ©rimentale utilisant un protocole modifiĂ© serait nĂ©cessaire pour analyser en dĂ©tail lâinfluence sur le niveau dâutilisation du systĂšme
Efficacy of HI-6 dimethanesulfonate in Russian-VX (VR)-intoxicated cynomolgus monkeys
In the French armed forces, the
emergency treatment against nerve agent poisoning is the oxime pralidoxime methylsulfate
(ContrathionÂź), included in a bicompartment autoinjector (AIBC, Ineurope Âź), combined with
atropine sulphate and avizafone chlorhydrate. However, the reactivating potency of
pralidoxime methylsulfate is weak against specific nerve agents such as Russian VX (VR). To
assess whether the oxime HI-6 dimethylsulfonate (HI-6-DMS) could replace pralidoxime
methylsulfate, we tested the efficacy of the combined treatment including HI-6-DMS against
increasing doses of VR. Given the strong inter-species variability in the efficacy of
oximes, the French regulatory agency (Agence nationale de sécurité du medicament) requested
data obtained in non-human primates. The cynomolgus monkey strain was selected since
background data from previous studies were available. A better efficacy of HI-6-DMS AIBC was
clearly evidenced: up to 5 LD50 of VR, HI-6-DMS administered shortly after the onset of
clinical signs allowed the survival of intoxicated animals who recovered faster than those
treated with pralidoxime methylsulfate.Dans les armées françaises, le
traitement dâurgence des intoxications par les neurotoxiques organophosphorĂ©s est lâoxime
méthylsulfate de pralidoxime (ContrathionŸ) associée, dans un autoinjecteur bicompartimenté
(AIBC, Ineurope Âź), au sulfate dâatropine et au chlorhydrate dâavizafone. Le mĂ©thylsulfatede
pralidoxime ne permet pas la réactivation des cholinestérases inhibées par certains agents
neurotoxiques tel que le VX Russe (VR). Nous avons donc Ă©valuĂ© lâefficacitĂ© dâune autre
oxime, le dimĂ©thane sulfonate dâHI-6 (HI-6-DMS), face Ă des doses croissantes de VR.
Lâutilisation de primates non humains ayant Ă©tĂ© demandĂ©e par lâAgence nationale de sĂ©curitĂ©
du médicament en raison de la forte variabilité inter-espÚces de l'efficacité des oximes,
nous avons choisi le cynomolgus pour lequel des donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales Ă©taient dĂ©jĂ
disponibles. Une meilleure efficacitĂ© de lâAIBC contenant lâHI-6-DMS a Ă©tĂ© clairement mise
en Ă©vidence : jusqu'Ă au moins 5 DL50 de VR, lâHI-6-DMS administrĂ© rapidement aprĂšs
l'apparition des signes cliniques a permis d'Ă©viter le dĂ©cĂšs et dâamĂ©liorer la rĂ©cupĂ©ration
des animaux intoxiqués
Short, synthetic and selectively 13C-labeled RNA sequences for the NMR structure determination of protein-RNA complexes
We report an optimized synthesis of all canonical 2âČ-O-TOM protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and solid supports containing [13C5]-labeled ribose moieties, their sequence-specific introduction into very short RNA sequences and their use for the structure determination of two protein-RNA complexes. These specifically labeled sequences facilitate RNA resonance assignments and are essential to assign a high number of sugar-sugar and intermolecular NOEs, which ultimately improve the precision and accuracy of the resulting structures. This labeling strategy is particularly useful for the study of protein-RNA complexes with single-stranded RNA in solution, which is rapidly an increasingly relevant research area in biolog
Short, synthetic and selectively 13C-labeled RNA sequences for the NMR structure determination of proteinâRNA complexes
We report an optimized synthesis of all canonical 2âČ-O-TOM protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and solid supports containing [13C5]-labeled ribose moieties, their sequence-specific introduction into very short RNA sequences and their use for the structure determination of two proteinâRNA complexes. These specifically labeled sequences facilitate RNA resonance assignments and are essential to assign a high number of sugarâsugar and intermolecular NOEs, which ultimately improve the precision and accuracy of the resulting structures. This labeling strategy is particularly useful for the study of proteinâRNA complexes with single-stranded RNA in solution, which is rapidly an increasingly relevant research area in biology
Eco-driving performance assessment with in-car visual and haptic feedback assistance
In this experiment, 28 participants completed an urban driving task in the CARDS simulator at Renaultâs Technical Centre for Simulation. This simulator, based on the SCANeR2© software package, provides a 150° field of view in a fully instrumented cockpit. Two different eco-driving assistance devices were added: a 7 inches display on the mid-console, and a force feedback system on the gas pedal. The feedback information was computed by comparing the carâs instant acceleration with an optimal acceleration level based on a proprietary consumption model of a Renault diesel engine. Basic eco-driving behaviors, like gear-shifting under 2000 Rpm, allows significant decrease of polluting emissions. Assisting drivers with visual, haptic, or visual-haptic on-board devices, in addition to low engine speed verbal instructions, lead to supplementary significant savings of polluting emissions. There is no significant difference between assistance feedback type; suggesting that haptic feedback provides the same ecoperformance as visual feedback. In particular, subjects show good adaptation to the haptic feedback pedal at first utilization of the system. They apparently relied more on haptic modality to achieve the eco-driving task, when they used both visual and haptic assistance.Dans cette expĂ©rimentation, 28 participants accomplissent une tĂąche de conduite dans le simulateur CARDS du Centre Technique de Simulation de Renault. Ce simulateur, Ă©quipĂ© du logiciel de simulation SCANeR2©, dĂ©livre un angle de vue de 150° dans un cockpit entiĂšrement in strumentĂ©. Deux interfaces dâassistance Ă lâĂ©co-conduite complĂštent le dispositif expĂ©rimental : un Ă©cran de 7 pouces sur la console centrale et un dispositif appliquant un retour dâeffort Ă la pĂ©dale dâaccĂ©lĂ©rateur. Le retour dâinformation est calculĂ© en comparant lâaccĂ©lĂ©ration instantanĂ©e du vĂ©hicule Ă un niveau dâaccĂ©lĂ©ration optimal, dâaprĂšs un modĂšle de consommation de moteur diesel Renault. La pratique de lâĂ©co-conduite, comme le changement de rapport sous les 2000 Rpm, permet de rĂ©duire significativement les Ă©missions polluantes. Lâassistance des conducteurs avec des systĂšmes dâaide visuel, haptique ou visuo-haptique, permet une rĂ©duction supplĂ©mentaire significative des Ă©missions polluantes. Aucune diffĂ©rence significative nâa Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©e entre les diffĂ©rents modes dâassistance ; ce qui laisse penser que lâassistance haptique engendre la mĂȘme Ă©coperformance que lâassistance visuelle. En particulier, les sujets font preuve dâune adaptation satisfaisante Ă la pĂ©dale haptique lors dâune premiĂšre utilisation du systĂšme. Ils accordent apparemment plus de confiance Ă la modalitĂ© haptique pour accomplir leur tĂąche dâĂ©co-conduite en prĂ©sence dâune assistance visuohaptique.CIFRE grant (ANRT N°601/2006
Electrochemical Sensor Research at the Laboratoire d'Electrochimie of the EPFL
This review presents some recent developments in the field of electroanalytical sensors. We first explain the working principle of electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), illustrated by the example of copper transferring through a water/1,2-dichloroethane interface when the ionophore 1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane is present in the organic phase. The obtained results show that assisted ion-transfer reactions take place with both CuI and CuII, but that the interfacial process is complicated by the fact that CuI disproportionates in water and that CuII can be reduced in the organic phase.Based on the same experimental methodology, a new type of amperometric detector for non-redox ions has been developed using a composite polymer membrane supporting a gelified organic phase that can incorporate an ionophore such as valinomycin. We report here the use of a (o-nitrophenyloctylether)-(poy(vinyl chloride) (NPOE-PVC) gel micro-interface as a detector for cations and anions in ion-exchange chromatography. The main advantage of this approach is that selectivity and sensitivity can be tailored by the choice of the ionophore and by the polarisation potential.This ion detector has also been incorporated in a miniaturised total-analysis system (”-TAS) fabricated in a polymer sheet by UV-laser photoablation. This microfabrication technique is used for the prototyping of a disposable capillary-electrophoresis microsystem comprising on-chip injector, separation column and electrochemical detector. This system is further used with built-in carbon-ink electrodes for the detection of electroactive species. These microsystems are now under development for immuno-sensor applications
Driver trust and reliance on a navigation system: Effect of graphical display
The present study investigates the influence of in-car navigation system graphicâs appearance on driver trust and reliance on the system. Two navigation systems were used: one with a realistic interface and one with a symbolic interface. During driving sessions on a simulator, the systems committed some guidance incoherencies regarding road signs present in the virtual environment. Subjectâs trust and reliance on navigation systems were measured and compared between both systems. Result showed a higher level of trust for the realistic appearance system than for the symbolic one during the whole experiment. The presence of incoherencies decreased trust level for both systems but without any significant difference. No difference in systemâs reliance was found but two groups of subjects were identified. One group is highly relying on both navigation systemsâ indication when incoherence occurs whereas the other group was not. This study highlights the interaction of subjective items, as system graphical appearance, on user trust. Further experiments using a modified experimental setup may be needed to analyze precisely the influence on user relianceCette Ă©tude analyse lâinfluence de lâapparence graphique dâun systĂšme dâaide Ă la navigation sur le niveau de confiance et dâutilisation du systĂšme par le conducteur. Deux systĂšmes dâaide sont utilisĂ©s : un avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste, et un avec une interface graphique simpliste. Durant des sessions de conduite rĂ©alisĂ©es sur simulateur, des incohĂ©rences dans le guidage du systĂšme vis-Ă -vis des panneaux prĂ©sent dans lâenvironnement routier seront commises. Le niveau de confiance des sujets envers le systĂšme et son utilisation sont enregistrĂ©s et comparĂ©s entre les deux systĂšmes dâaide Ă la navigation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un niveau de confiance plus Ă©levĂ© tout au long de lâexpĂ©rience pour le systĂšme avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste. La prĂ©sence dâincohĂ©rences de guidage engendre bien une diminution du niveau de confiance mais sans diffĂ©rence notable entre les deux systĂšmes. Aucune diffĂ©rence du niveau dâutilisation nâest enregistrĂ©e mais deux groupes de sujets sont identifiĂ©s. Un groupe de sujets se fie largement aux directions indiquĂ©es par les deux systĂšmes lors des incohĂ©rences, alors que lâautre groupe non. Cette Ă©tude souligne les interactions dâĂ©lĂ©ments subjectifs, comme lâapparence graphique dâun systĂšme, sur le niveau de confiance de lâutilisateur. Une autre phase expĂ©rimentale utilisant un protocole modifiĂ© serait nĂ©cessaire pour analyser en dĂ©tail lâinfluence sur le niveau dâutilisation du systĂšme
Phenotypic Consequences of Copy Number Variation: Insights from Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski Syndrome Mouse Models
The characterization of mice with different number of copies of the same genomic segment shows that structural changes influence the phenotypic outcome independently of gene dosage
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