80 research outputs found

    Driver trust and reliance on a navigation system: Effect of graphical display

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    International audienceThe present study investigates the influence of in-car navigation system graphic’s appearance on driver trust and reliance on the system. Two navigation systems were used: one with a realistic interface and one with a symbolic interface. During driving sessions on a simulator, the systems committed some guidance incoherencies regarding road signs present in the virtual environment. Subject’s trust and reliance on navigation systems were measured and compared between both systems. Result showed a higher level of trust for the realistic appearance system than for the symbolic one during the whole experiment. The presence of incoherencies decreased trust level for both systems but without any significant difference. No difference in system’s reliance was found but two groups of subjects were identified. One group is highly relying on both navigation systems’ indication when incoherence occurs whereas the other group was not. This study highlights the interaction of subjective items, as system graphical appearance, on user trust. Further experiments using a modified experimental setup may be needed to analyze precisely the influence on user relianceCette Ă©tude analyse l’influence de l’apparence graphique d’un systĂšme d’aide Ă  la navigation sur le niveau de confiance et d’utilisation du systĂšme par le conducteur. Deux systĂšmes d’aide sont utilisĂ©s : un avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste, et un avec une interface graphique simpliste. Durant des sessions de conduite rĂ©alisĂ©es sur simulateur, des incohĂ©rences dans le guidage du systĂšme vis-Ă -vis des panneaux prĂ©sent dans l’environnement routier seront commises. Le niveau de confiance des sujets envers le systĂšme et son utilisation sont enregistrĂ©s et comparĂ©s entre les deux systĂšmes d’aide Ă  la navigation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un niveau de confiance plus Ă©levĂ© tout au long de l’expĂ©rience pour le systĂšme avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste. La prĂ©sence d’incohĂ©rences de guidage engendre bien une diminution du niveau de confiance mais sans diffĂ©rence notable entre les deux systĂšmes. Aucune diffĂ©rence du niveau d’utilisation n’est enregistrĂ©e mais deux groupes de sujets sont identifiĂ©s. Un groupe de sujets se fie largement aux directions indiquĂ©es par les deux systĂšmes lors des incohĂ©rences, alors que l’autre groupe non. Cette Ă©tude souligne les interactions d’élĂ©ments subjectifs, comme l’apparence graphique d’un systĂšme, sur le niveau de confiance de l’utilisateur. Une autre phase expĂ©rimentale utilisant un protocole modifiĂ© serait nĂ©cessaire pour analyser en dĂ©tail l’influence sur le niveau d’utilisation du systĂšme

    Efficacy of HI-6 dimethanesulfonate in Russian-VX (VR)-intoxicated cynomolgus monkeys

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    In the French armed forces, the emergency treatment against nerve agent poisoning is the oxime pralidoxime methylsulfate (ContrathionÂź), included in a bicompartment autoinjector (AIBC, Ineurope Âź), combined with atropine sulphate and avizafone chlorhydrate. However, the reactivating potency of pralidoxime methylsulfate is weak against specific nerve agents such as Russian VX (VR). To assess whether the oxime HI-6 dimethylsulfonate (HI-6-DMS) could replace pralidoxime methylsulfate, we tested the efficacy of the combined treatment including HI-6-DMS against increasing doses of VR. Given the strong inter-species variability in the efficacy of oximes, the French regulatory agency (Agence nationale de sĂ©curitĂ© du medicament) requested data obtained in non-human primates. The cynomolgus monkey strain was selected since background data from previous studies were available. A better efficacy of HI-6-DMS AIBC was clearly evidenced: up to 5 LD50 of VR, HI-6-DMS administered shortly after the onset of clinical signs allowed the survival of intoxicated animals who recovered faster than those treated with pralidoxime methylsulfate.Dans les armĂ©es françaises, le traitement d’urgence des intoxications par les neurotoxiques organophosphorĂ©s est l’oxime mĂ©thylsulfate de pralidoxime (ContrathionÂź) associĂ©e, dans un autoinjecteur bicompartimentĂ© (AIBC, Ineurope Âź), au sulfate d’atropine et au chlorhydrate d’avizafone. Le mĂ©thylsulfatede pralidoxime ne permet pas la rĂ©activation des cholinestĂ©rases inhibĂ©es par certains agents neurotoxiques tel que le VX Russe (VR). Nous avons donc Ă©valuĂ© l’efficacitĂ© d’une autre oxime, le dimĂ©thane sulfonate d’HI-6 (HI-6-DMS), face Ă  des doses croissantes de VR. L’utilisation de primates non humains ayant Ă©tĂ© demandĂ©e par l’Agence nationale de sĂ©curitĂ© du mĂ©dicament en raison de la forte variabilitĂ© inter-espĂšces de l'efficacitĂ© des oximes, nous avons choisi le cynomolgus pour lequel des donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales Ă©taient dĂ©jĂ  disponibles. Une meilleure efficacitĂ© de l’AIBC contenant l’HI-6-DMS a Ă©tĂ© clairement mise en Ă©vidence : jusqu'Ă  au moins 5 DL50 de VR, l’HI-6-DMS administrĂ© rapidement aprĂšs l'apparition des signes cliniques a permis d'Ă©viter le dĂ©cĂšs et d’amĂ©liorer la rĂ©cupĂ©ration des animaux intoxiquĂ©s

    Short, synthetic and selectively 13C-labeled RNA sequences for the NMR structure determination of protein-RNA complexes

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    We report an optimized synthesis of all canonical 2â€Č-O-TOM protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and solid supports containing [13C5]-labeled ribose moieties, their sequence-specific introduction into very short RNA sequences and their use for the structure determination of two protein-RNA complexes. These specifically labeled sequences facilitate RNA resonance assignments and are essential to assign a high number of sugar-sugar and intermolecular NOEs, which ultimately improve the precision and accuracy of the resulting structures. This labeling strategy is particularly useful for the study of protein-RNA complexes with single-stranded RNA in solution, which is rapidly an increasingly relevant research area in biolog

    Short, synthetic and selectively 13C-labeled RNA sequences for the NMR structure determination of protein–RNA complexes

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    We report an optimized synthesis of all canonical 2â€Č-O-TOM protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and solid supports containing [13C5]-labeled ribose moieties, their sequence-specific introduction into very short RNA sequences and their use for the structure determination of two protein–RNA complexes. These specifically labeled sequences facilitate RNA resonance assignments and are essential to assign a high number of sugar–sugar and intermolecular NOEs, which ultimately improve the precision and accuracy of the resulting structures. This labeling strategy is particularly useful for the study of protein–RNA complexes with single-stranded RNA in solution, which is rapidly an increasingly relevant research area in biology

    Eco-driving performance assessment with in-car visual and haptic feedback assistance

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    In this experiment, 28 participants completed an urban driving task in the CARDS simulator at Renault’s Technical Centre for Simulation. This simulator, based on the SCANeR2© software package, provides a 150° field of view in a fully instrumented cockpit. Two different eco-driving assistance devices were added: a 7 inches display on the mid-console, and a force feedback system on the gas pedal. The feedback information was computed by comparing the car’s instant acceleration with an optimal acceleration level based on a proprietary consumption model of a Renault diesel engine. Basic eco-driving behaviors, like gear-shifting under 2000 Rpm, allows significant decrease of polluting emissions. Assisting drivers with visual, haptic, or visual-haptic on-board devices, in addition to low engine speed verbal instructions, lead to supplementary significant savings of polluting emissions. There is no significant difference between assistance feedback type; suggesting that haptic feedback provides the same ecoperformance as visual feedback. In particular, subjects show good adaptation to the haptic feedback pedal at first utilization of the system. They apparently relied more on haptic modality to achieve the eco-driving task, when they used both visual and haptic assistance.Dans cette expĂ©rimentation, 28 participants accomplissent une tĂąche de conduite dans le simulateur CARDS du Centre Technique de Simulation de Renault. Ce simulateur, Ă©quipĂ© du logiciel de simulation SCANeR2©, dĂ©livre un angle de vue de 150° dans un cockpit entiĂšrement in strumentĂ©. Deux interfaces d’assistance Ă  l’éco-conduite complĂštent le dispositif expĂ©rimental : un Ă©cran de 7 pouces sur la console centrale et un dispositif appliquant un retour d’effort Ă  la pĂ©dale d’accĂ©lĂ©rateur. Le retour d’information est calculĂ© en comparant l’accĂ©lĂ©ration instantanĂ©e du vĂ©hicule Ă  un niveau d’accĂ©lĂ©ration optimal, d’aprĂšs un modĂšle de consommation de moteur diesel Renault. La pratique de l’éco-conduite, comme le changement de rapport sous les 2000 Rpm, permet de rĂ©duire significativement les Ă©missions polluantes. L’assistance des conducteurs avec des systĂšmes d’aide visuel, haptique ou visuo-haptique, permet une rĂ©duction supplĂ©mentaire significative des Ă©missions polluantes. Aucune diffĂ©rence significative n’a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©e entre les diffĂ©rents modes d’assistance ; ce qui laisse penser que l’assistance haptique engendre la mĂȘme Ă©coperformance que l’assistance visuelle. En particulier, les sujets font preuve d’une adaptation satisfaisante Ă  la pĂ©dale haptique lors d’une premiĂšre utilisation du systĂšme. Ils accordent apparemment plus de confiance Ă  la modalitĂ© haptique pour accomplir leur tĂąche d’éco-conduite en prĂ©sence d’une assistance visuohaptique.CIFRE grant (ANRT N°601/2006

    Electrochemical Sensor Research at the Laboratoire d'Electrochimie of the EPFL

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    This review presents some recent developments in the field of electroanalytical sensors. We first explain the working principle of electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), illustrated by the example of copper transferring through a water/1,2-dichloroethane interface when the ionophore 1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane is present in the organic phase. The obtained results show that assisted ion-transfer reactions take place with both CuI and CuII, but that the interfacial process is complicated by the fact that CuI disproportionates in water and that CuII can be reduced in the organic phase.Based on the same experimental methodology, a new type of amperometric detector for non-redox ions has been developed using a composite polymer membrane supporting a gelified organic phase that can incorporate an ionophore such as valinomycin. We report here the use of a (o-nitrophenyloctylether)-(poy(vinyl chloride) (NPOE-PVC) gel micro-interface as a detector for cations and anions in ion-exchange chromatography. The main advantage of this approach is that selectivity and sensitivity can be tailored by the choice of the ionophore and by the polarisation potential.This ion detector has also been incorporated in a miniaturised total-analysis system (”-TAS) fabricated in a polymer sheet by UV-laser photoablation. This microfabrication technique is used for the prototyping of a disposable capillary-electrophoresis microsystem comprising on-chip injector, separation column and electrochemical detector. This system is further used with built-in carbon-ink electrodes for the detection of electroactive species. These microsystems are now under development for immuno-sensor applications

    Driver trust and reliance on a navigation system: Effect of graphical display

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    The present study investigates the influence of in-car navigation system graphic’s appearance on driver trust and reliance on the system. Two navigation systems were used: one with a realistic interface and one with a symbolic interface. During driving sessions on a simulator, the systems committed some guidance incoherencies regarding road signs present in the virtual environment. Subject’s trust and reliance on navigation systems were measured and compared between both systems. Result showed a higher level of trust for the realistic appearance system than for the symbolic one during the whole experiment. The presence of incoherencies decreased trust level for both systems but without any significant difference. No difference in system’s reliance was found but two groups of subjects were identified. One group is highly relying on both navigation systems’ indication when incoherence occurs whereas the other group was not. This study highlights the interaction of subjective items, as system graphical appearance, on user trust. Further experiments using a modified experimental setup may be needed to analyze precisely the influence on user relianceCette Ă©tude analyse l’influence de l’apparence graphique d’un systĂšme d’aide Ă  la navigation sur le niveau de confiance et d’utilisation du systĂšme par le conducteur. Deux systĂšmes d’aide sont utilisĂ©s : un avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste, et un avec une interface graphique simpliste. Durant des sessions de conduite rĂ©alisĂ©es sur simulateur, des incohĂ©rences dans le guidage du systĂšme vis-Ă -vis des panneaux prĂ©sent dans l’environnement routier seront commises. Le niveau de confiance des sujets envers le systĂšme et son utilisation sont enregistrĂ©s et comparĂ©s entre les deux systĂšmes d’aide Ă  la navigation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un niveau de confiance plus Ă©levĂ© tout au long de l’expĂ©rience pour le systĂšme avec une interface graphique rĂ©aliste. La prĂ©sence d’incohĂ©rences de guidage engendre bien une diminution du niveau de confiance mais sans diffĂ©rence notable entre les deux systĂšmes. Aucune diffĂ©rence du niveau d’utilisation n’est enregistrĂ©e mais deux groupes de sujets sont identifiĂ©s. Un groupe de sujets se fie largement aux directions indiquĂ©es par les deux systĂšmes lors des incohĂ©rences, alors que l’autre groupe non. Cette Ă©tude souligne les interactions d’élĂ©ments subjectifs, comme l’apparence graphique d’un systĂšme, sur le niveau de confiance de l’utilisateur. Une autre phase expĂ©rimentale utilisant un protocole modifiĂ© serait nĂ©cessaire pour analyser en dĂ©tail l’influence sur le niveau d’utilisation du systĂšme

    Phenotypic Consequences of Copy Number Variation: Insights from Smith-Magenis and Potocki-Lupski Syndrome Mouse Models

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    The characterization of mice with different number of copies of the same genomic segment shows that structural changes influence the phenotypic outcome independently of gene dosage
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