Output-Based Allocations of Emissions Permits: Efficiency and Distributional Effects in a General Equilibrium Setting with Taxes and Trade

Abstract The choice of mechanism for allocating tradable emissions permits has important efficiency and distributional effects when tax and trade distortions are considered. We present different rules for allocating carbon allowances within sectors (lump-sum grandfathering, output-based allocation [OBA], and auctioning) and among sectors (historical emissions and value-added shares). Using a partial equilibrium model, we explore how OBA mitigates price increases, limits incentives for conservation in favor of lowering energy intensity, and changes relative output prices among sectors. We then use a computable general equilibrium model from the Global Trade Analysis Project, modified to incorporate a labor/leisure choice, to compare overall mechanism performance. The output subsidies implicit in OBA mitigate tax interactions, which can lead to higher welfare than grandfathering. OBA with sectoral distributions based on value added generates effective subsidies similar to a broad-based tax reduction, performing nearly like auctioning with revenue recycling, which generates the highest welfare. OBA based on historical emissions supports the output of more polluting industries, which more effectively counteracts carbon leakage but is more costly in welfare terms. Industry production and trade impacts among sectors that are less energy intensive are also quite sensitive to allocation rules.emissions trading, output-based allocation, tax interaction, carbon leakage

Comparing Policies to Combat Emissions Leakage: Border Tax Adjustments versus Rebates

We explore conditions determining which anti-leakage policies might be more effective complements to domestic greenhouse gas emissions regulation. We consider four policies that could be combined with unilateral emissions pricing to counter effects on international competitiveness: a border tax on imports, a border rebate for exports, full border adjustment, and a domestic production rebate (as might be implemented with output-based allocation of emissions allowances). Each option faces different potential legal hurdles in international trade law; each also has different economic impacts. While all have the potential to support domestic production, none is necessarily effective at reducing global emissions. Nor is it possible to rank order the options. In each case, the effectiveness depends on the relative emissions rates, elasticities of substitution, and consumption volumes. We illustrate these results with simulations for the energy-intensive sectors of two different economies, the United States and Canada.environmental tax, rebate, border tax adjustment, emissions leakage, climate

Relationships between Tennessee homemakers\u27 personal and family characteristics and sources of interior design information : and their use of recommended interior design practices

The major purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing the use and adoption of recommended interior design practices by Tennessee homemakers. This would give Extension Home Economists a better understanding of their clientele, which is so essential in helping agents program and disseminate information based on the needs of Tennessee people. Data were obtained through personal interviews with approximately 30 homemakers in each of the 81 Tennessee counties. A total of 2347 homemakers participated. The analysis of variance was used to determine the strength of relationships between dependent and independent variables. It was concluded from the study results that relationships existed between certain homemaker characteristics and their use of recommended practices. Generally, homemakers using the highest percentages of practices: were married with one or both husband and wife employed; were younger (less than 50 years of age); and had a higher level of educational achievement. Implications were that age, educational level, HDC membership, home ownership, future housing plans, and employment were factors which influenced the number of Extension contacts. Although certain individuals may have had more contacts with Extension, they had not necessarily reported a greater percentage of practice use. For example, more contacts were made with older homemakers, but fewer of these older homemakers were found to be using recommended practices. Facts showed a positive relationship between homemakers\u27 total scores on sources of information used and practice use. That is, the higher the total score, the higher the percentage of practice use; and the lower the score, the lower the practice use. Newspaper, TV-radio, and information booklets appeared to have been helpful to Extension in reaching clientele. Extension contacts by homemakers were significantly related in a positive manner to practice use. Implications were that contacts through group meetings, office and home visits, and phone calls had a positive influence on the use of recommended interior design practices by Tennessee homemakers. Recommendations were made for future emphasis. Comparative studies conducted at regular intervals were suggested to indicate Extension\u27s progress in the area of interior design education

A Study of Scars: Narratives of Unintentional Childhood Injuries in Cato Manor

The purpose of this study is to identify the specific types of injuries children experience growing up in Cato Manor, specifically, KwaMasxha, to understand how community members process and make meaning of their injuries over time, and to analyze the social determinants of health in Cato Manor that have been conducive to these injuries. In order to learn about experiences of unintentional childhood injuries in Cato Manor, data was collected using a qualitative, narrative-based approach. I conducted interviews with young adult community members aged 19 to 27 years, asking about their personal experiences with childhood injuries as someone who grew up in the Cato Manor community. I also used photography as a method of data collection, focusing on the scars participants have developed as a result of their childhood injuries, as well as injury sites brought up during interview conversations and the general environment of KwaMasxha. After all the interviews were complete, participant stories were analyzed and presented as either fictional narratives, drawing off participant thoughts and experiences, or were presented in the form of the original conversation between myself and the participant. Through these narratives, commonalities and differences between personal participant experiences of unintentional childhood injuries were explored. It was concluded that the roads are a “hotspot” for injuries in Cato Manor, as they are conducive to pedestrian-vehicle collisions and are riddled with broken glass that children often step on. However, the general consensus among participants was that these experiences are a necessary aspect of growing up in Cato Manor, and thus prevention efforts are often hindered

Implementing an Integrative Pre and Post-Operative Educational Intervention for Older Adults Undergoing Total Hip and Knee Replacement

Post-operative pain control for patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) continues to present a dilemma for providers and patients, decreasing mobility and increasing the risk of adverse outcomes (Kremers, et al., 2013). There is little research on the effect of common symptom self-management strategies implemented postoperatively for THR and TKR patients (Fredericks, Guruge, Souraya, & Wan, 2010). In addition to the lack of research on the use of symptom-self management, few post-operative pain control studies have been conducted with the elderly population (Laforest etal., 2008). The purpose of this pilot project was to implement postoperative education in a select population of elderly patients undergoing THR or TKR in combination with the pre-operative education which was standard of care at the site. The primary endpoints were to improve selfefficacy over the course of the intervention period and to decrease pain in the population. The study design was a descriptive report to report pain scores, self-efficacy scores, and related demographics in a sample of elders who elected to participate in the post-operative educational intervention. A randomly selected retrospective group was analyzed for pain scores and demographics for comparison. The data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.3. Pearson’s correlations compared pain scores and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) scores. The results suggested a negative correlation between pain scores and self-efficacy scores; that is, as self-efficacy scores increased, pain scores tended to decrease. PSEQ scores were compared at multiple points using the paired t-test. A statistically significant difference was seen in scores between pre-procedure and post-procedure scores at both 24 and 48 hours post-discharge. PSEQ scores increased at each time point. Average pain scores for the inpatient stay were compared between the intervention group and the retrospective comparison group. Pain scores in the intervention group were slightly lower overall, but no statistically significant difference in pain scores was found. These results suggest that in this group a post-operative educational intervention may increase self-efficacy in older adults undergoing THR or TKR

God-like or just like you?

Purpose: Management autobiographies are an important discourse in today’s management literature and we believe that they have become a great influence on management practitioners. In this study we aim to analyse how CEOs portray themselves in their autobiographies. Methodology: Our data consists of four selected autobiographies from the criteria that they should be bestsellers, written by a CEO and have been recently published. We have used a hermeneutical approach and techniques to find potential themes. Theoretical perspective: Studies on management fashions, management gurus and management autobiographies. Empirical data: The empirical data consist of written texts represented by four popular management autobiographies. Conclusions: The authors portray themselves in a continuous interplay between the familiar and the exceptional, where they are god-like. The authors do this by telling different stories from their lives, which also illustrate their ideas about life and busines

Activity disengagement: Understanding challenges and opportunities for reengagement

Although maintaining engagement in activities has a positive influence on our health and wellbeing as we age, many programs that serve older adults struggle with getting participation in the programs they offer. This study sought to explore activity disengagement among older adults in a senior housing community and identify the challenges and opportunities for reengagement with the aim of informing future intervention development and testing. Fifty-one adults over the age of 60 participated in structured interviews. Findings highlighted that many older adults have activities patterns that are not optimal for health. Many reasons given for disengaging in activities (e.g., no opportunity) were surprising given that participants lived in a setting where a variety of programs were offered. Programs need to more purposively address social challenges to participating in activities and consider a more person-centered approach when developing interventions for the older adults they serve

Output-Based Allocation of Emissions Permits for Mitigating the Leakage and Competitiveness Issues for the Japanese Economy

The adoption of domestic emissions trading schemes (ETS) can impose a heavy burden on energy-intensive industries. In particular, energy-intensive industries competing with foreign competitors could lose their international edge. Although the abatement of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in industrialized countries entails the reduction of their energy-intensive production, a corresponding increase in the production of energy-intensive goods in countries without CO2 regulations may lead to carbon “leakage.” This paper examines the effects of various allocation methods for granting emissions permits in the Japanese ETS on the economy and CO2 emissions using a multiregional and multisector computable general equilibrium model. Specifically, we apply the Fischer and Fox (2007) model to the Japanese economy to address carbon leakage and competitiveness issues. We compare auction schemes, grandfathering schemes, and output-based allocation (OBA) schemes. We further extend the model by examining a combination of auctions and OBA. Though the auction scheme is found to be the best in terms of macroeconomic impacts (welfare and GDP effects), the leakage rate is high and the harm to energy-intensive sectors can be significant. OBA causes less leakage and damage to energy-intensive sectors, but the macroeconomic impact is undesirable. Considering all three effects—leakage, competitiveness, and macroeconomics—we find that combinations of auctions and OBA (with gratis allocations solely to energy-intensive, trade-exposed sectors) are desirable.climate change, emissions trading, emissions permit allocations, output-based allocation, auction, grandfathering, international competitiveness, carbon leakage, CGE analysis