Conducting EcoHealth research: Basic skills. Report of a training workshop held on 24–25 November 2016

International Development Research Centr

インドにおけるオープンアクセスと機関リポジトリ

DRFIC2008 Session 1. Open Access and Institutional Repository in Asia-PacificDRFIC2008 セッション1:アジア・環太平洋地域におけるオープンアクセスと機関リポジトリ 報告

Implementation pathway report: Community Resource Person An intervention by the Technical Support Unit Uttar Pradesh, India, February 2015

A report describing the methodology behind an implementation pathway for the Community Resource Person innovation being implemented by the Technical Support Unit (a large-scale collaboration between the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Uttar Pradesh government) in Uttar Pradesh, India

Conducting EcoHealth research: Basic skills. Report of a training workshop held on 26–27 September 2016

International Development Research Centr

Naz Foundation (India) Trust annual reports

"The Naz Foundation (India) Trust is a Delhi-based organization that has pioneered solutions and systems-change for people living with HIV/AIDS. With focus on ensuring rights, equality, and citizenship, Naz has ensured access to treatment and care services for people living with HIV and adolescent girls; and mitigated stigma and built agency among individuals from underserved and marginalised groups, and their families who face multiple socio-economic challenges owing to their HIV positive status, sexual orientation and gender identity. Over two decades, Naz has innovated, delivered and mainstreamed critical programs and services for people with HIV/AIDS. It has served as a springboard for the LGBTQIA+ movement in India, by focussing attention on sexual minorities and creating new engagements, support groups and collective efforts for this segment. The case against article 377, filed by Naz India, has become the cornerstone for India’s fight for full citizenship and rights for its sexual minorities.

Clinical practice guidelines for the foot and ankle in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical appraisal

Background: Clinical practice guidelines are recommendations systematically developed to assist clinical decision-making and inform healthcare. In current rheumatoid arthritis (RA) guidelines, management of the foot and ankle is under-represented and the quality of recommendation is uncertain. This study aimed to identify and critically appraise clinical practice guidelines for foot and ankle management in RA. Methods: Guidelines were identified electronically and through hand searching. Search terms 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'clinical practice guidelines' and related synonyms were used. Critical appraisal and quality rating were conducted using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. Results: Twenty-four guidelines were included. Five guidelines were high quality and recommended for use. Five high quality and seven low quality guidelines were recommended for use with modifications. Seven guidelines were low quality and not recommended for use. Five early and twelve established RA guidelines were recommended for use. Only two guidelines were foot and ankle specific. Five recommendation domains were identified in both early and established RA guidelines. These were multidisciplinary team care, foot healthcare access, foot health assessment/review, orthoses/insoles/splints, and therapeutic footwear. Established RA guidelines also had an 'other foot care treatments' domain. Conclusions: Foot and ankle management for RA features in many clinical practice guidelines recommended for use. Unfortunately, supporting evidence in the guidelines is low quality. Agreement levels are predominantly 'expert opinion' or 'good clinical practice'. More research investigating foot and ankle management for RA is needed prior to inclusion in clinical practice guidelines

Air pollution and health in India: A review of the current evidence and opportunities for the future

"Air pollution is a major and growing risk factor for ill health in India, contributing significantly to the country’s burden of disease. As per the Global Burden of Disease comparative risk assessment for 2015, air pollution exposure contributes to approximately 1.8 million premature deaths and 49 million disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost, ranking it among the top risk factors for ill health in India. Home to 10 of the top 20 cities with the highest annual average levels of PM2.5 as per the WHO Urban Ambient Air Quality Database (2016), and with several studies showing a worsening trend over time it is safe to say that rapid urbanization and industrial development have adversely affected urban air quality due to vehicular and industrial emissions. Simultaneously, over two-thirds of rural Indians caught in the ‘chulha trap’ use biomass fuels such as wood, dung or coal to satisfy their cooking and heating needs, resulting in smoke-filled homes and extremely high levels of exposure especially to women and children. Rural and urban India are both affected by poor air quality. There is, however, heterogeneity in sources and pollutant profiles. For instance, use of cooking fuels varies between urban and rural households, vehicular density is vastly different in cities and villages, and differing climatology and geography across India affects regional and seasonal levels of ambient air pollution. Air pollution has been termed a democratizing force but it is far from that, as it propagates existing environmental injustices. Studies have shown that children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to air pollution exposure. Air pollution exposure has shown to slow lung development in children , affect cognitive development , and has resulted in high levels of mortality from respiratory infections . The elderly are more likely to develop chronic respiratory and cardiac illnesses as a result of long-term exposure, and are more susceptible to heart attacks and strokes during episodic high pollution events. Vulnerable also are those of a lower socio-economic status, with studies showing they are more susceptible to insults from air pollution exposure for a variety of reasons including occupation, housing, cooking fuel use, the common link being poverty While environment, health and development are frequently pitted in adversarial roles in the discourse on economic growth, published evidence argues that they are very much in consonance. A study published by the World Bank in 2016 revealed that air pollution cost India approximately 8% of its GDP or $560 billion in 2013, as a result of lost productivity due to premature mortality and morbidity. This study, while a great first step, failed to capture the healthcare costs of treating air pollution-induced illnesses, which if factored in, could produce a far larger number.

Potential impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Bangalore, India: a mathematical modelling study

Introduction: In Bangalore, new HIV infections of female sex workers and men who have sex with men continue to occur, despite high condom use. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has high anti-HIV efficacy for men who have sex with men. PrEP demonstration projects are underway amongst Indian female sex workers. We estimated the impact and efficiency of prioritising PrEP to female sex workers and/or men who have sex with men in Bangalore. Methods: A mathematical model of HIV transmission and treatment for female sex workers, clients, men who have sex with men and low-risk groups was parameterised and fitted to Bangalore data. The proportion of transmission attributable (population attributable fraction) to commercial sex and sex between men was calculated. PrEP impact (infections averted, life years gained) and efficiency (life years gained/infections averted per 100 person years on PrEP) were estimated for different levels of PrEP adherence, coverage and prioritisation strategies (female sex workers, high-risk men who have sex with men, both female sex workers and high-risk men who have sex with men, or female sex workers with lower condom use), under current conditions and in a scenario with lower baseline condom use amongst key populations. Results: Population attributable fractions for commercial sex and sex between men have declined over time, and they are predicted to account for 19% of all new infections between 2016 and 2025. PrEP could prevent a substantial proportion of infections amongst female sex workers and men who have sex with men in this setting (23%/27% over 5/10 years, with 60% coverage and 50% adherence), which could avert 2.9%/4.3% of infections over 5/10 years in the whole Bangalore population. Impact and efficiency in the whole population was greater if female sex workers were prioritised. Efficiency increased, but impact decreased, if only female sex workers with lower condom use were given PrEP. Greater impact and efficiency was predicted for the scenario with lower condom use. Conclusions: PrEP could be beneficial for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Bangalore, and give some benefits in the general population, especially in similar settings with lower condom use levels

Local government in Asia and the Pacific : a comparative analysis of fifteen countries

Funding for the research and publication were provided by ESCAP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG) and by KLAFIR