Proučavanje genetičkih resursa jabuke (Malus sp.) multivarijacionom analizom

A wide range of apple cultivars representing Malus sp. germplasm were collected from southern part of Serbia, where this specie has been in cultivation for a long time. Data for twelve traits were collected for 18 cultivars for three consecutive years. Cultivars differed in phenology, fruit weight, yield and chemical composition were evaluated. Correlations were identified among phenological and compositional traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to study correlation among variables in set of apple cultivars evaluated and to interpret relationships among genotypes as a tool for germplasm characterization. Dulabija, intended for table consumption, and Stambolka, suitable for the processing, were identified as promising. Because of the large diversity identified, data should be collected for additional local apple cultivars.Veliki broj autohtonih sorti jabuke (Malus sp.) sakupljen je u regionu južne Srbije, sa teritorije gde se ova vrsta godinama gaji. Kod 18 autohtonih sorti koje su se međusobno razlikovale u fenologiji, masi ploda, prinosu i hemijskom sastavu proučavano je 12 osobina tokom tri godine. Korelacije su utvrđene između fenoloških i hemijskih osobina. Multivarijaciona analiza je primenjena kako bi se izučile korelacije između osobina kod svih sorti jabuke i objasnili odnosi između genotipova kao metod za karakterizaciju germplazme. Između svih proučavanih sorti, najperspektivnije su Đulabija, koja je namenjena za stonu upotrebu, i Stambolka, pogodna za preradu. Zbog velikog diverziteta, preporučuje se nastavak proučavanja ostalih autohtonih sorti

Uticaj oprašivača na zametanje plodova sorte šljive Čačanska Najbolja

In this paper, during a 4-year period (2003-2006) effects of six pollenizers (President, Italian Prune, Stanley, Čačanska Rodna, Agen 707, and California Blue) on the degree of fruit set in the plum cultivar Čačanska Najbolja were examined. Besides the controlled pollination of this cultivar, open pollination was investigated. Functional pollen ability in pollenizer-cultivars was established by in vitro pollen germination. Degree of fruit set was determined comparing the number of fruit set (10 days after pollination, 21 days after pollination and number of harvested fruits) against the number of pollinated flowers. The results indicated that all pollenizer cultivars, studied in this paper, possessed satisfactory in vitro pollen germination (30.1-67.4%). The number of fruit set determined 10 days after pollination was very high and did not differ among pollenizers. Highly significant differences were found between the pollenizers in the number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and significant ones in relation to the number of harvested fruits. Compared to open pollination, higher number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and higher number of harvested fruits were obtained when cultivars Stanley (17.0%; 7.6%) and Italian Prune (14.6%; 6.9%) were used as pollenizers, therefore those cultivars are recommendable as good pollenizers for the cultivar Čačanska Najbolja.U radu je tokom četvorogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja (2003-2006) ispitivan uticaj šest oprašivača (Prezident, Italijanka, Stenli, Čačanska rodna, Aženka 707 i Kalifornijska plava) na stepen zametanja plodova sorte šljive Čačanska najbolja. Pored kontrolisanog praćeno je i slobodno oprašivanje ove sorte. Funkcionalna sposobnost polena sorti oprašivača ustanovljena je na osnovu in vitro klijavosti polena. Stepen zametanja plodova utvrđen je poređenjem broja zametnutih plodova (10 dana posle oprašivanja, 21 dan posle oprašivanja i broja ubranih plodova) u odnosu na broj oprašenih cvetova. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su sve sorte oprašivači, proučavane u ovom radu, imale zadovoljavajuću in vitro klijavost polena (30,1-67,4%). Broj zametnutih plodova 10 dana nakon oprašivanja bio je veoma visok i nije se razlikovao u zavisnosti od primenjenog oprašivača. Između primenjenih oprašivača utvrđene su veoma značajne razlike u broju zametnutih plodova 21 dan nakon oprašivanja, a značajne u odnosu na broj ubranih plodova. U poređenju sa slobodnim oprašivanjem, veći broj zametnutih plodova 21 dan nakon oprašivanja i veći broj ubranih plodova dobijen je kada su kao oprašivači korišćene sorte Stenli (17,0%; 7,6%) i Italijanka (14,6%; 6,9%) pa se ove sorte mogu preporučiti kao dobri oprašivači za sortu Čačanska najbolja

Indigenous fruit species as a significant resource for sustainable development

Sustainable agriculture means increasing yields and profits without degrading the natural resources which are the most important for agricultural production. The aim is to meet the people’s needs for food and improve the quality of life while preserving the environment. Among hundreds of forest species, particular attention is drawn to the wild relatives of cultivated fruit trees, so called indigenous fruit trees, whose regular collection, production and use can affect all aspects of agricultural economy. The natural habitats of the Republic of Serbia include 15 families and 26 genera with 100 species of wild fruit trees. The primary use of the indigenous fruits is for human consumption (either fresh or processed). A number of wild relatives of cultivated fruit trees could be used in the future as rootstocks for fruit production, or for large-scale production, either organic or conventional. In addition, indigenous fruit species are carriers of genes for resistance to economically important diseases and pests, and they can be used in breeding of fruit trees and grapevines. Wild species of fruit trees are used as planting materials for afforestation and erosion prevention, some for timber production, as well as some decorative forms in landscape architecture, while some species are important bee pastures

Polimorfizam dehidrogenaza kao alat za ranu selekciju slabo bujnih podloga za trešnju i višnju

The correlation of dehydrogenase isoenzyme profile with plant/tree vigour of twenty genotypes belonging to the genus Prunus and the subgenus Cerasus as well as to four commercial rootstocks (Colt, Gisela 5, Gisela 6 and MaxMa 14) was investigated in this study. Principal component analysis was applied for the classification of the cherry rootstocks based on vigour traits and polymorphism of isoenzymes in order to determine the most useful dehydrogenase enzyme in the preselecting process of cherry rootstocks. The most influential variables which led to the separation of low vigorous genotypes from other genotypes were isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Since both significant and negative correlations were observed between tree vigour and malate dehydrogenase, as well as between tree vigour and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, those systems can be used for early selection of low vigour rootstocks. Our results suggest that the association between low vigour and malate dehydrogenase genotype ab provides a convenient marker that can be characterised even at the seedling stage, and could be applied in early rootstock selection and breeding programmes.U radu je ispitivana korelacija između dehidrogenaznih izoenzimskih profila i bujnosti kod 20 genotipova roda Prunus, podroda Cerasus, kao i kod četiri komercijalne podloge: Colt, Gisela 5, Gisela 6 i MaxMa 14. Analiza glavnih komponenti je primenjena kako bi se ocenila potencijalna primena izoenzima za ranu selekciju slabo bujnih podloga za trešnju i višnju. Najveći uticaj na izdvajanje slabo bujnih genotipova imali su izoenzimski sistemi izocitrat dehidrogenaza, malat dehidrogenaza i fosfoglukonat dehidrogenaza. Značajna negativna korelacija utvrđena je između bujnosti i malat dehidrogenaze genotipa ab, kao i između bujnosti i fosfoglukonat dehidrogenaze, što ove sisteme čini potencijalnim markerima za ranu selekciju slabo bujnih podloga

Características da biologia reprodutiva que afetam a produtividade de cereja ácida

The objective of this work was to evaluate variability in reproductive biology traits and the correlation between them in genotypes of 'Oblačinska' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). High genetic diversity was found in the 41 evaluated genotypes, and significant differences were observed among them for all studied traits: flowering time, pollen germination, number of fruiting branches, production of flower and fruit, number of flowers per bud, fruit set, and limb yield efficiency. The number of fruiting branches significantly influenced the number of flower and fruit, fruit set, and yield efficiency. In addition to number of fruiting branches, yield efficiency was positively correlated with fruit set and production of flower and fruit. Results from principal component analysis suggested a reduction of the reproductive biology factors affecting yield to four main characters: number and structure of fruiting branches, flowering time, and pollen germination. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of the 'Oblačinska' genotypes can be used to select the appropriate ones to be grown or used as parents in breeding programs. In this sense, genotypes II/2, III/9, III/13, and III/14 have very good flower production and satisfactory pollen germination.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade de características da biologia reprodutiva e a correlação entre elas, em genótipos da cereja ácida (Prunus cerasus) 'Oblačinska'. Verificou-se alta diversidade genética nos 41 genótipos avaliados, e foram observadas diferenças significativas entre eles, para todas as características estudadas: época de florescimento, germinação de pólen, número de ramos frutíferos, produção de flores e frutos, número de flores por botão, formação de frutos e eficiência de produção dos ramos. O número de ramos frutíferos influenciou significativamente o número de flores e frutos, a formação de frutos e a eficiência produtiva. Além do número de ramos frutíferos, a eficiência produtiva correlacionou-se positivamente com o pegamento de frutos e a produção de flores e frutos. Os resultados da análise de componentes principais sugerem a redução dos fatores de biologia reprodutiva que afetam a produtividade a quatro características principais: número e estrutura dos ramos frutíferos, tempo de florescimento e germinação de pólen. O conhecimento da biologia floral dos genótipos 'Oblačinska' pode ser útil para a escolha dos mais apropriados para plantio ou uso como parentais em programas de melhoramento. Neste sentido, os genótipos II/2, III/9, III/13 e III/14 apresentam produção de flores muito boa e germinação de pólen satisfatória

Assessments of current and future suitability of heat conditions for apple growing in Norway

The commercial apple production in Norway is limited to the small regions along the fjord areas in the southwest part of the country and around lakes or near the sea in the southeast part with favorable climate. Due to the rapid rate of climate change over the recent decades, it is expected that suitable heat conditions for apple growing will expand to the areas that previously were too cold. This study analyses the heat suitability of past, present and future climate for six commercial apple varieties in Norway (Discovery, Gravenstein, Summerred, Aroma, Rubinstep, and Elstar). The methodology for identifying favorable heat conditions is developed using meteorological and phenological observations from the Ullensvang orchards and applied on a high-resolution gridded datasets of temperature observations and climate projections. The assessment indicates that with increasing temperatures, heat conditions suitable for cultivation all six apple varieties are expanding. The surfaces with favorable heat conditions for less heat-demanding varieties increased threefold over the last 60 years. In the period 2011-2020, heat suitable climate for cultivating at least one of the considered apple varieties is found at 15% of the analyzed territory, while 2.5% was suitable for growing all six varieties. In the future, the favorable areas will advance from south and southeast northwards and inland in the eastern region, along the west and northwestern coastline towards higher latitudes, and along continental parts of fjords. The fastest expansion of heat suitable conditions is expected for less heat-demanding varieties. The findings of this study show an increasing potential for apple production in Norway that are relevant for strategical planning of climate change adaptation measures within the sector. Weather related risks, such as the risk from damaging low temperatures, drought and extreme precipitation were not considered.Assessments of current and future suitability of heat conditions for apple growing in NorwaypublishedVersio

Fruits under the spotlight of analytical chemists

Many problems on which analytical chemists work originate in other fields, and agriculture is one of them. Analytical chemistry brings a unique perspective to the study of natural products and plant-based food. It is important to highlight the nutritional aspects and phytochemical compounds of fruits that confer human health benefits when they are consumed regularly, preventing development of several diseases. These diverse compounds include dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, and primary and secondary metabolites that occur naturally in plants. Various fruits, especially wild and indigenous, are recognized as an excellent source of phytochemicals with health-promoting properties. Our research group mainly focuses on polyphenolic compounds, and so far, we have established profiles of wild Serbian fruits, such as elderberry (Sambucus nigra), hawthorn (Crataegusmonogyna), cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), and five different Rosa species (R. canina, R. glutinosa, R. rubiginosa, R. multiflora, and R. spinosissima). Results show classification of the fruit samples on the basis of variations in the content of individual flavonoids, phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity and pointed to some unfairly forgotten wild fruits as a great source of bioactive natural compounds. Similarly, we have studied chemical composition of mulberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries. According to the health promoted compounds some genotypes were recommended for clonal propagation and commercialization. Aside from quality and nutritional value, data gathered from the analysis of carbohydrates, minerals, trace elements and polyphenols could be valuable when questions regarding the differences in the type of the production regime (organic or integrated) should be answered. According to our results, some quantitative variations in individual phenolic compounds and their distribution in fruits and leaves was evident in organic and integrated farming of blueberry and strawberry cultivars. To conclude, this work proved wild fruits to be an interesting field in the search for compounds with potential bioactivity. Due to uniqueness in terms of its phytonutrient content, some of investigated fruits were identified as "super-food", and may be considered particularly useful in food supplement production, particularly as a source of natural antioxidants. Furthermore, some of these species could be used in blood sugar regulation and skin protection, or to extend the shelf life of food products and replace synthetic antioxidants, avoiding potential health risks and toxicity. However, additional bioactivity testing is needed, especially bearing in mind the synergistic effect among polyphenols as an important factor determining the functional properties

Estimation of variation and correlation analysis for yield components in black currant cultivars

Creating genotypes that will be characterized by high yields, good quality and other favorable agronomic characters is a major objective of most currant breeding programs worldwide. For easier and faster achievement of these goals and identification of superior genotypes suitable for use as parents in future hybridization programs, study of genetic parameters seems to be obligatory. In this regard, the aims of our study were to estimate components of variability and heritability, and do correlation analysis for yield components in order to determine efficient strategies for improving yield in black currant breeding programs. Significant differences between cultivars were established for all studied traits. A high proportion of genotypic variance was found with bush width, no. of shoots per bush, bunch weight and berry weight indicating that genetic improvement for these traits through breeding was achievable. Opposite, seasonal variance was high for bush height, no. of bunch per bush and yield. The high heritability coefficients (0.80-0.94) detected for all traits studied reflect the close agreement between their phenotypic and genotypic values. Also, most pairs of traits were similarly correlated at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. So, yield was significantly and positively correlated with bush height, no of bunch per bush and bunch weight. These results imply a rapid response of black currants to selection

Genetički parametri komponenti prinosa i pomoloških osobina kod sejanaca maline

Over a three-year period yield components and pomologic properties were studied in 20 raspberry seedlings obtained by open pollination of Meeker's yellow clone. The primary goals of this research were to determine its variability components, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation and coefficient of heritability in a broader sense. The analysis of the components of total variance evidenced that higher proportion of genotypic variance was found with fruit shape index (30.84%) and sucrose content (35.61%). The results revealed that genotypic coefficient of variation were less than its corresponding estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation for all traits which indicated significant role of environment in the expression of these characters. The values of heritability coefficients, in a broader sense, were high except for number of flowers per inflorescens (9.47%), titratable acidity (6.38%) and inverted sugar content (28.88%). Nine characters had h2 in interval from 50 to 80% but for fruit weight and fruit length was greater than 80% which implies the high potential of genetic improvement in those traits.Komponente prinosa i pomološke osobine kod 20 sejanaca dobijenih slobodnom oplodnjom žutog klona sorte Miker ispitivano je tokom perioda od tri godine. Primarni cilj ovih ispitivanja bilo je da se utvrde komponente varijabilnosti, koeficijenti genetičke I fenotipske varijacije i heritabilnost u širem smislu. Analizom komponenti ukupne varijabilnosti ustanovljeno je da su geneticke razlike medu sejancima u velikom procentu uslovile varjabilnost indeksa oblika ploda (30.84%) i sadržaja saharoze (35.61%). Kod svih osobina takođe je utvrđeno da su koeficijenti genetičke varijacije bili manji u odnosu na fenotipske koeficijente varijacije što ukazuje na značajan uticaj spoljašnjih faktora u ekspresiji ovih osobina. Vrednosti koeficijenta heritabilnosti u širem smislu su bili visoki osima za broj cvetova po cvasti (9.47%), ukupnim kiselinama (6.38%) i sadržaju invertnih šećeria (28.88%). Devet osobina imalo je h2 u intervalu od 50 do 80%, dok jeza masu i dužinu ploda bio veći od 80% što pokazuje visok potencijal za poboljšanje ovih osobina

Comparison of Sugar Profile between Leaves and Fruits of Blueberry and Strawberry Cultivars Grown in Organic and Integrated Production System

The objective of this study was to determine and compare the sugar profile, distribution in fruits and leaves and sink-source relationship in three strawberry ('Favette', 'Alba' and 'Clery') and three blueberry cultivars ('Bluecrop', 'Duke' and 'Nui') grown in organic (OP) and integrated production systems (IP). Sugar analysis was done using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The results showed that monosaccharide glucose and fructose and disaccharide sucrose were the most important sugars in strawberry, while monosaccharide glucose, fructose, and galactose were the most important in blueberry. Source-sink relationship was different in strawberry compared to blueberry, having a much higher quantity of sugars in its fruits in relation to leaves. According to principal component analysis (PCA), galactose, arabinose, and melibiose were the most important sugars in separating the fruits of strawberries from blueberries, while panose, ribose, stachyose, galactose, maltose, rhamnose, and raffinose were the most important sugar component in leaves recognition. Galactitol, melibiose, and gentiobiose were the key sugars that split out strawberry fruits and leaves, while galactose, maltotriose, raffinose, fructose, and glucose divided blueberry fruits and leaves in two groups. PCA was difficult to distinguish between OP and IP, because the stress-specific responses of the studied plants were highly variable due to the different sensitivity levels and defense strategies of each cultivar, which directly affected the sugar distribution. Due to its high content of sugars, especially fructose, the strawberry cultivar 'Clery' and the blueberry cultivars 'Bluecrop' and 'Nui' could be singled out in this study as being the most suitable cultivars for OP