Hydride generation using a metallic atomizer after microwave-assisted extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in biological samples

AbstractThe present speciation method reports the determination of inorganic arsenic forms, using metallic furnace hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The inorganic As speciation is carried out using mild conditions for hydride formation, such as slightly acid pH media (4.50) and low tetrahydridoborate(1−) concentration (0.1% (w/v)). Limits of detection and quantification of 2.0 and 6.6μgL−1 of iAs(III) are obtained using optimized conditions. Additionally, microwave-assisted extraction using water as solvent is carried out to provide the appropriate environment for As species extraction as well as impeding inter-conversion between species. With these analytical strategies, As was accurately determined (at 99.9% confidence level) in water and plankton samples

Influence Of Deforestation On The Mercury Air/soil Exchange In The Negro River Basin, Amazon

An investigation of air/surface exchange of mercury, performed at the Negro River Basin, (Amazonian region) in January 2003 and January 2004, is presented. Five sites were investigated: a flooding primary forest, a non-flooding primary forest and three deforested areas. The fluxes were estimated by using a dynamic flux chamber with sampling times varying between 6 and 12 h. The average mercury flux in deforested sites (13.7±10.3 pmol m-2 h -1) was significantly higher than in forest sites (0.1±1.8 pmol m-2 h-1). Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached in deforested sites. Atmospheric gaseous mercury concentrations were generally low when compared with background areas from the Northern hemisphere. The average atmospheric Hg concentrations were 1.4±0.9 and 0.4±0.2 ng m-3 for forest and deforested sites, respectively. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.3939 SPEC. 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Arsenic Removal From Water Employing Heterogeneous Photocatalysis With Tio2 Immobilized In Pet Bottles

Arsenic oxidation (As(III) to As(V)) and As(V) removal from water were assessed by using TiO2 immobilized in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles in the presence of natural sunlight and iron salts. The effect of many parameters was sequentially studied: TiO2 concentration of the coating solution, Fe(II) concentration, pH, solar irradiation time; dissolved organic carbon concentration. The final conditions (TiO2 concentration of the coating solution: 10%; Fe(II): 7.0 mg l-1; solar exposure time: 120 min) were applied to natural water samples spiked with 500 μg l-1 As(III) in order to verify the influence of natural water matrix. After treatment, As(III) and total As concentrations were lower than the limit of quantitation (2 μg l-1) of the voltammetric method used, showing a removal over 99%, and giving evidence that As(III) was effectively oxidized to As(V). The results obtained demonstrated that TiO2 can be easily immobilized on a PET surface in order to perform As(III) oxidation in water and that this TiO2 immobilization, combined with coprecipitation of arsenic on Fe(III) hydroxides(oxides) could be an efficient way for inorganic arsenic removal from groundwaters. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.722319324Bissen, M., Vieillard-Baron, M.M., Schindelin, A.J., Frimmel, F.H., TiO2-catalyzed photooxidation of arsenite to arsenate in aqueous samples (2001) Chemosphere, 44, pp. 751-757Borba, R.P., Figueiredo, B.R., Matschullat, J., Geochemical distribution of arsenic in waters, sediments and weathered gold mineralized rocks from iron quadrangle, Brazil (2003) Environ. Geol., 44, pp. 39-52CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), 2005. Resolution n° 357 of 17/03/2005, D.O.U. of 31/03/05, Brasília, p. 72Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J., Arsenic speciation in the environment (1989) Chem. 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Occurrence, Behavior And Environmental Impacts Caused By The Presence Of Veterinary Antimicrobials In Soils [ocorrência, Comportamento E Impactos Ambientais Provocados Pela Presença De Antimicrobianos Veterinários Em Solos]

Antimicrobials, among other veterinary drugs, are used worldwide in industry and agriculture to protect animal health and prevent economic loss. In recent years, they have been detected in various environmental compartments, including soil, surface and groundwater and have become a topic of research interest. Emphasizing this class of compounds, this review presents the different pathways which veterinary drugs enter in the environment, in particular contaminate soils. Also are presented regulatory aspects and guidelines, adsorption/desorption and degradation of these compounds in soils and the consequences of its dispersal in the environment.351159169Díaz-Cruz, M.S., De Alda, J.L., Barceló, D., (2003) Trends Anal, Chem, 22, p. 340Boxall, A.B.A., Kolpin, D.W., Halling-Sørensen, B.H., Tolls, J., (2003) Environ. Sci. 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Gaseous Mercury Emissions From Soil Following Forest Loss And Land Use Changes: Field Experiments In The United States And Brazil

Forest ecosystems are a sink of atmospheric mercury, trapping the metal in the canopy, and storing it in the forest floor after litter fall. Fire liberates a portion of this mercury; however, little is known about the long-term release of mercury post deforestation. We conducted two large-scale experiments to study this phenomenon. In upstate New York, gaseous mercury emissions from soil were monitored continually using a Teflon dynamic surface flux chamber for two-weeks before and after cutting of the canopy on the edge of a deciduous forest. In Brazil, gaseous mercury emissions from soil were monitored in an intact Ombrophilous Open forest and an adjacent field site both before and after the field site was cleared by burning. In the intact forest, gaseous mercury emissions from soil averaged-0.73±1.84ngm-2h-1 (24-h monitoring) at the New York site, and 0.33±0.09ngm-2h-1 (daytime-only) at the Brazil site. After deforestation, gaseous mercury emissions from soil averaged 9.13±2.08ngm-2h-1 in New York and 21.2±0.35ngm-2h-1 at the Brazil site prior to burning. Gaseous mercury emissions averaged 74.9±0.73ngm-2h-1 after burning of the cut forest in Brazil. Extrapolating our data, measured over several weeks to months, to a full year period, deforested soil is estimated to release an additional 2.30gha-1yr-1 of gaseous mercury to the atmosphere in the Brazilian experiment and 0.41gha-1yr-1 in the New York experiment. In Brazil, this represents an additional 50% of the mercury load released during the fire itself. © 2014 The Authors.96423429Almeida, M.D., Lacerda, L.D., Bastos, W.R., Herrmann, J.C., Mercury loss from soils following conversion from forest to pasture in RondÔnia, Western Amazon, Brazil (2005) Environ. 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Environ., 37 (2), pp. 253-267Friedli, H.R., Radkel, L.F., Luz, J.Y., (2001) Mercury in Smoke from Biomass FiresGustin, M.S., Stamenkovic, J., Effect of watering and soil moisture on mercury emissions from soils (2005) Biogeochemistry, 76 (2), pp. 215-232Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S.A., Tyukavina, A., Townshend, J.R.G., High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change (2013) Science, 342 (6160), pp. 850-853Lacerda, L.D., de Souza, M., Ribeiro, M.G., The effects of land use change on mercury distribution in soils of Alta Floresta, Southern Amazon (2004) Environ. Pollut., 129 (2), pp. 247-255Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Seigneur, C., Asynthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition (2007) AMBIO J. Hum. Environ., 36 (1), pp. 19-33Lindberg, S.E., Meyers, T.P., Development of an automated micrometeorological method for measuring the emission of mercury vapor from wetland vegetation (2001) Wetl. Ecol. Manag., 9 (4), pp. 333-347Lindberg, S.E., Price, J.L., Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal landfill operations: a short-term measurement study in Florida (1999) J.Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 49 (5), pp. 520-532Lindberg, S.E., Zhang, H., Gustin, M., Vette, A., Marsik, F., Owens, J., Fitzgerald, C., Increases in mercury emissions from desert soils in response to rainfall and irrigation (1999) J.Geophys. Res., 104 (D17), p. 21879Lindberg, S.E., Zhang, H., Vette, A.F., Gustin, M.S., Barnett, M.O., Kuiken, T., Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils: part 2 - effect of flushing flow rate and verification of a two-resistance exchange interface simulation model (2002) Atmos. Environ., 36 (5), pp. 847-859Magarelli, G., Fostier, A., Influence of deforestation on the mercury air/soil exchange in the Negro River Basin, Amazon (2005) Atmos. Environ., 39 (39), pp. 7518-7528Mauclair, C., Layshock, J., Carpi, A., Quantifying the effect of humic matter on the emission of mercury from artificial soil surfaces (2008) Appl. Geochem., 23 (3), pp. 594-601Melendez-Perez, J.J., Fostier, A.H., Santos, J.C., Carvalho, J.A., Soil and biomass mercury emissions during a prescribed fire in the Amazonian rain forest, Atmos (2014) Environ., 96, pp. 415-422Moore, C., Carpi, A., Mechanisms of the emission of mercury from soil: role of UV radiation (2005) J.Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110 (D24), p. 9. , doi:D24302Salimon, C.I., Wadt, P.G.S., de Souza Alves, S., Decrease in carbon stocks in an oxisol due to land use and cover change in southwestern Amazon (2009) Ambiente Água Interdiscip. J. Appl. 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Soil And Biomass Mercury Emissions During A Prescribed Fire In The Amazonian Rain Forest

Mercury stored in forests can be volatilized to the atmosphere during fires. Many factors influence this process such as mercury concentration, vegetation loading and the soil temperature reached during the fire. We quantified mercury emissions from biomass and soil during a prescribed fire in Brazil using the difference in mercury burden in vegetation and soil before and after burning, and data were critically compared with those previously obtained in a similar experiment in another part of the Amazonia. The calculated mercury emission factor was 4.1±1.4gHgha-1, with the main part (78%) originating from litterfall and O-horizon, and only 14% associated with live biomass. When considering the fuel burned loading, the emission factor ranged from 40 to 53μgHgkg-1. 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Isolamento, fracionamento e atividade anticoagulante de iota-carragenanas da Solieria filiformis Isolation, fractionation and anticoagulant activity of iota-carrageenans from Solieria filiformis

Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, fracionar e avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de iota-carragenanas (i-CARs) da rodofícea Solieria filiformis, quando obtidas por dois métodos de extração (M I e M II). As i-CARs foram isoladas com papaína bruta em tampão acetato de sódio 0,1M (pH 5,0), contendo cisteína 5mM e EDTA 5mM (M I) ou água (80&deg;C) (M II) e, em seguida, determinada sua composição química de carboidratos totais, sulfato livre (SL) e proteínas contaminantes. As i-CARs foram submetidas à cromatografia de troca iônica (DEAE-celulose) usando um gradiente de cloreto de sódio, sendo avaliado o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) e tempo de protrombina das frações obtidas e comparadas à heparina (193UI mg-1). Uma fração anticoagulante também foi submetida ao procedimento de eletroforese em gel de agarose a 0,5%. A diferença no rendimento de i-CARs entre os métodos foi 10,14%. A composição química de SL (29,40%) e o fracionamento, por DEAE-celulose, indicaram o M I mais eficiente na obtenção de i-CARs, comparado ao M II. O TTPA também foi somente alterado para as i-CARs do M I. Contudo, a atividade anticoagulante in vitro de uma fração rica (8,52UI mg-1) foi inferior à da heparina.<br>This study aimed to isolate, fractionate and evaluate the anticoagulant potential of iota-carrageenans (i-CARs) from Solieria filiformis when two extraction methods (M I and M II) were used. i-CARs were isolated with papain in 0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) containing 5mM cystein and 5mM EDTA (M I) or water (80&deg;C) (M II), and then their chemical composition of total carbohydrates, free sulfate (FS) and contaminant proteins were determined. i-CARs were submitted to anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) using a sodium chloride gradient,being evaluated the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time of obtained fractions and compared to heparin (193IU mg-1). A rich fraction of anticoagulant was also submitted to 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis procedure. The difference of yield between methods was 10.14%. The chemical composition of FS (29.40%) and the fractionation by DEAE-cellulose showed M I more effectiveness in the obtaining of i-CARs compared to M II. The APTT was also modified for i-CARs from M I. However, the in vitro anticoagulant activity of a rich fraction (8.52IU mg-1) was inferior to heparin

Avaliação da concentração de mercúrio em sedimentos e material particulado no rio Acre, estado do Acre, Brasil Mercury concentration assessment in botton sediments and suspended solids from Acre river, in the State of Acre, Brazil

A avaliação dos teores de mercúrio em sistemas aquáticos sem influência direta de fontes antropogênicas conhecidas não tem sido conduzida com freqüência na região Amazônica. Visando contribuir para esclarecer a ocorrência de valores elevados de Hg em peixes consumidos pela população de Rio Branco - AC, o Instituto Evandro Chagas - IEC, realizou um estudo para quantificar os teores de Hg em sedimentos de fundo e material particulado no rio Acre e alguns afluentes, além da caracterização físico-química das águas entre as cidades de Brasiléia e Assis Brasil. As amostras de sedimentos foram peneiradas na fração < 250 mesh e o material particulado obtido por floculação com Al2SO4 . Uma massa de 250 mg dos materiais foram submetidos a digestão ácida e as determinações de Hg realizadas por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica, com geração de vapor frio. Os parâmetros físico-químicos pH, condutividade elétrica, temperatura e sólidos totais dissolvidos, foram feitos no campo, por métodos potenciométricos. Os teores de Hg nos sedimentos de fundo variaram entre 0,018 e 0,184 mig g-1, com média de 0,054 ± 0,034 mig g-1, enquanto que no material particulado a variação foi de 0,067 a 0,220 mig g-1e média de 0,098 ± 0,037 mig g-1. As águas possuem características levemente ácidas indicadas pelos valores de pH que variaram entre 5,80 - 6,95. A condutividade elétrica variou de 151,60 - 1.151,00 miS cm-1. Os teores de Hg nos materiais analisados encontram-se dentro da faixa dos valores observados para os rios amazônicos "não poluídos". Entretanto, estudos complementares deverão ser implementados para elucidar a origem e os processos de biodisponibilidade do mercúrio.<br>Mercury levels assessment in aquatic systems areas without influences of antropogenic sources have not been well studied in the Amazon region. For the identification of the origin of high values of Hg in fish consumed by population of Rio Branco City - AC, the Evandro Chagas Institute - IEC, studied the mercury levels in sediments, suspended solids and studied also the physical-chemical characterization of waters, in the Acre river and also some in afluents, between Brasiléia and Assis Brasil cities. Bottom sediments samples were sieved to <250 mesh fraction after drying. The suspended solid was obtained by precipitation with Al2SO4. About 250 mg of the material was submitted the acid digestion and the determinations of Hg were made by Could Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The physical-chemical parameters pH, electric conductivity, temperature and dissolved total solids, were studied in the field, by potenciometric methods. The Hg levels in bottom sediments range 0,018 and 0,184 mug g-1, mean of 0,054 ± 0,034 mug g-1, while the suspended solids varied between 0,067 and 0,220 mug g-1, average of 0,098 ± 0,037 mug g-1. The waters were slightly acid with pH varying among 5,80 - 6,95 and conductivity electric 151,60 - 1.151,00 muS cm-1. The mercury levels in the analyzed materials was below of standard levels for the non-polluted Amazon rivers. However complementary studies should be developed to elucidate the origin and the processes of mercury biodisponibility