The impact of a high versus a low glycaemic index breakfast cereal meal on verbal episodic memory in healthy adolescents

In this study, healthy adolescents consumed a) a low glycaemic index (G.I.) breakfast cereal meal, or b) a high G.I. breakfast cereal meal, before completing a test of verbal episodic memory in which the memory materials were encoded under conditions of divided attention. Analysis of remembering/forgetting indices revealed that the High G.I. breakfast group remembered significantly more items relative to the Low G.I. breakfast group after a long delay. The superior performance observed in the High G.I. group, relative to the Low G.I. group, may be due to the additional glucose availability provided by the high G.I. meal at the time of memory encoding. This increased glucose availability may be necessary for effective encoding under dual task conditions

International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2008

OBJECTIVE—To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values

What Ambitious Donors Can Learn From The Atlantic Philanthropies' Experience Making Big Bets

By the time The Atlantic Philanthropies closes its doors in 2020, it will have distributed more than $8 billion—its entire endowment—to advance opportunity and lasting change for disadvantaged and vulnerable people worldwide. Founded in 1982, it was Founder Chuck Feeney's intention to champion "giving while living" and when the foundation closes, Atlantic will make history by becoming the largest foundation to complete its giving in the donor's lifetime.In its grant making, over 60 percent of Atlantic's overall giving ranks as big bets, investments of$10 million or more. Thirty percent of those bets went to social change causes, including gifts to human services, the environment, and international development. Such big bets have the potential to have big impacts on advancing social change goals. Yet as Bridgespan reported in the December 2015 Stanford Social Innovation Review article, "Making Big Bets for Social Change," investments of this size for social change are rare. Just 20 percent of philanthropic big bets went to social change causes between 2000 and 2012.Why? A number of barriers exist: it's hard to find and structure big bets, "shovel-ready" opportunities are few and far between, personal relationships between donors and nonprofit leaders can take years to nurture, and the long time horizons required for change and often-murky results make it difficult to measure success. In short, big bets on social change can feel risky.The story of Atlantic, however, illustrates what can happen when donors take that risk. This report, What Ambitious Donors Can Learn From The Atlantic Philanthropies' Experience Making Big Bets, looks at a number of big bets Atlantic made and how those achieved significant results. It identified four themes that ran through Atlantic's work and that were particularly evident in its most influential big bets:Pick distinctive investment spots and funding gaps in the landscape.Support organizations and strong leaders, often with unrestricted or capacity-building funding.Pursue advocacy in a complex social, policy and legal environment, and use both traditional grant funding and 501(c)(4) funding as tools.Give with the foundation's end in sight and sustainability in mind.The report also highlights the challenges and failures Atlantic faced along the way. Despite the inherent risk in big bets, Atlantic held the belief that a big bets strategy would be the best way to achieve lasting impact. It is a promising path that is yielding strong results, and Atlantic's experience offers potential strategies for other donors seeking similar goals

Pyridine based dual binding site aromatase (CYP19A1) inhibitors

Aromatase (CYP19A1) inhibitors are the mainstay therapeutics for the treatment of hormone dependant breast cancer, which accounts for approximately 70% of all breast cancer cases. However, increased resistance to the clinically used aromatase inhibitors, including letrozole and anastrazole, and off target effects, necessitates the development of aromatase inhibitors with improved drug profiles. The development of extended 4th generation pyridine based aromatase inhibitors with dual binding (haem and access channel) is therefore of interest and here we describe the design, synthesis and computational studies. Cytotoxicity and selectivity studies identified the pyridine derivative (4-bromophenyl)(6-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzofuran-2-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanol (10c) as optimal with CYP19A1 IC50 0.83 nM (c.f. letrozole IC50 0.70 nM), and an excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity profile. Interestingly, computational studies for the 6-O-butynyloxy (10) and 6-O-pentynyloxy (11) derivatives identified an alternative access channel lined by Phe221, Trp224, Gln225 and Leu477, providing further insight into the potential binding mode and interactions of the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors