375 research outputs found

    Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1

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    We present mapping results in several rotational transitions of HC3N, C6H, both cyclic and linear C3H2 and C3H, towards the cyanopolyyne peak of the filamentary dense cloud TMC-1 using the IRAM 30m and MPIfR 100m telescopes. The spatial distribution of the cumulene carbon chain propadienylidene H2C3 (hereafter l-C3H2) is found to deviate significantly from the distributions of the cyclic isomer c-C3H2, HC3N, and C6H which in turn look very similar. The cyclic over linear abundance ratio of C3H2 increases by a factor of 3 across the filament, with a value of 28 at the cyanopolyyne peak. This abundance ratio is an order of magnitude larger than the range (3 to 5) we observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. The cyclic over linear abundance ratio of C3H also varies by ~2.5 in TMC-1, reaching a maximum value (13) close to the cyanopolyyne peak. These behaviors might be related to competitive processes between ion-neutral and neutral-neutral reactions for cyclic and linear species.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal, part I. 24 pages, including 4 tables, 7 figures, and figure caption

    Biodistribution et toxicité des nanocapsules chargées en 188Re aprÚs injection intratumorale par convection enhanced delivery chez la souris

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    Objectifs DĂ©terminer la faisabilitĂ©, l’intĂ©rĂȘt et la toxicitĂ© hĂ©matologique de l’administration intratumorale par convection enhanced delivery (CED) de nanocapsules chargĂ©es en 188Re (NCL-188Re). MatĂ©riels et mĂ©thodes L’étude de biodistribution des NCL-188Re vs perrhĂ©nate (188ReO4−) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur des souris nude (n = 30). Les animaux ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ©s en 2 groupes : injection intratumorale de 188ReO4− pour le premier groupe (n = 15, 3 MBq) et de NCL-188Re pour le second groupe (n = 15, 3 MBq). Les animaux ont Ă©tĂ© sacrifiĂ©s Ă  1 h (n = 10), 24 h (n = 10) et 72 h (n = 10) aprĂšs l’injection, les organes prĂ©levĂ©s et comptĂ©s. La toxicitĂ© hĂ©matologique des NCL-188Re a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par prises de sang de 50 ΌL (sinus rĂ©tro-orbitaire) rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  j2, j7, j14 et j21 aprĂšs traitement par NaCl (n = 4), NCL-188Re (3 MBq, n = 4), NCL-188Re (6 MBq, n = 4) et NCL-188Re (12 MBq, n = 4). RĂ©sultats La vectorisation par NCL a permis de limiter l’élimination urinaire du 188Re puisque dĂšs 24 h post-IV 0,1 ± 0,1 % de la dose injectĂ©e (%D.I.) vs 81,9 ± 7,5 % D.I. sont retrouvĂ©s dans les urines pour les formes NCL188Re-SSS et 188ReO4-, respectivement, (p = 0,016). Celle-ci permet Ă©galement de retrouver une activitĂ© significativement supĂ©rieure dans la tumeur Ă  tous les temps de l’étude. L’administration unique de NCL-188Re a induit une toxicitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e pour les activitĂ©s injectĂ©es les plus Ă©levĂ©es (12 MBq) se manifestant principalement par une thrombopĂ©nie transitoire de nadir j14–j18. Il n’a pas Ă©tĂ© observĂ© de toxicitĂ© au niveau des autres lignĂ©es cellulaires pour les activitĂ©s administrĂ©es de 3 et 6 MBq. Conclusions Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent la faisabilitĂ© de l’injection intratumorale par CED et l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la vectorisation du 188Re par les NCL. Les premiers signes de toxicitĂ© hĂ©matologiques sont en faveur du fractionnement des doses administrĂ©es et d’un meilleur ciblage par fonctionnalisation des NCL aux oestrogĂšnes pour permettre une meilleure rĂ©tention tumorale

    Revisiting the S-matrix approach to the open superstring low energy effective lagrangian

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    The conventional S-matrix approach to the (tree level) open string low energy effective lagrangian assumes that, in order to obtain all its bosonic αâ€ČN{\alpha'}^N order terms, it is necessary to know the open string (tree level) (N+2)(N+2)-point amplitude of massless bosons, at least expanded at that order in αâ€Č\alpha'. In this work we clarify that the previous claim is indeed valid for the bosonic open string, but for the supersymmetric one the situation is much more better than that: there are constraints in the kinematical bosonic terms of the amplitude (probably due to Spacetime Supersymmetry) such that a much lower open superstring nn-point amplitude is needed to find all the αâ€ČN{\alpha'}^N order terms. In this `revisited' S-matrix approach we have checked that, at least up to αâ€Č4{\alpha'}^4 order, using these kinematical constraints and only the known open superstring 4-point amplitude, it is possible to determine all the bosonic terms of the low energy effective lagrangian. The sort of results that we obtain seem to agree completely with the ones achieved by the method of BPS configurations, proposed about ten years ago. By means of the KLT relations, our results can be mapped to the NS-NS sector of the low energy effective lagrangian of the type II string theories implying that there one can also find kinematical constraints in the NN-point amplitudes and that important informations can be inferred, at least up to αâ€Č4{\alpha'}^4 order, by only using the (tree level) 4-point amplitude.Comment: 34 pages, 3 figure, Submitted on Aug 4, 2012, Published on Oct 15, 201

    PloS one

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    The HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a small basic protein containing two zinc fingers (ZF) separated by a short linker. It is involved in several steps of the replication cycle and acts as a nucleic acid chaperone protein in facilitating nucleic acid strand transfers occurring during reverse transcription. Recent analysis of three-dimensional structures of NC-nucleic acids complexes established a new property: the unpaired guanines targeted by NC are more often inserted in the C-terminal zinc finger (ZF2) than in the N-terminal zinc finger (ZF1). Although previous NMR dynamic studies were performed with NC, the dynamic behavior of the linker residues connecting the two ZF domains remains unclear. This prompted us to investigate the dynamic behavior of the linker residues. Here, we collected 15N NMR relaxation data and used for the first time data at several fields to probe the protein dynamics. The analysis at two fields allows us to detect a slow motion occurring between the two domains around a hinge located in the linker at the G35 position. However, the amplitude of motion appears limited in our conditions. In addition, we showed that the neighboring linker residues R29, A30, P31, R32, K33 displayed restricted motion and numerous contacts with residues of ZF1. Our results are fully consistent with a model in which the ZF1-linker contacts prevent the ZF1 domain to interact with unpaired guanines, whereas the ZF2 domain is more accessible and competent to interact with unpaired guanines. In contrast, ZF1 with its large hydrophobic plateau is able to destabilize the double-stranded regions adjacent to the guanines bound by ZF2. The linker residues and the internal dynamics of NC regulate therefore the different functions of the two zinc fingers that are required for an optimal chaperone activity

    Apport de la TEP-FDG dans le staging initial des cancers du sein localement avancés traités par chimiothérapie néo-adjuvante

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    L’atteinte ganglionnaire axillaire et la prĂ©sence de mĂ©tastases Ă  distance sont des facteurs pronostiques majeurs dans la prise en charge du cancer du sein. L’objectif de notre travail a Ă©tĂ© d’évaluer les performances de la TEP-FDG dans le bilan initial de cancers du sein localement avancĂ©s (CSLA) traitĂ©s par chimiothĂ©rapie nĂ©o-adjuvante (CNA) et chirurgie, et de comparer les donnĂ©es de la TEP prĂ©thĂ©rapeutique Ă  celles de l’histologie du curage rĂ©alisĂ© aprĂšs CNA (classification de Sataloff). Cette Ă©tude rĂ©trospective a concernĂ© 89 patientes porteuses d’un CSLA, explorĂ©es avant mise en route de la CNA par une TEP en complĂ©ment du bilan d’extension standard (BS). Toutes les patientes ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© aprĂšs CNA d’une tumorectomie/mastectomie et d’un curage axillaire. Une atteinte axillaire a Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ©e chez 58 patientes (65 %) par la TEP et 39 patientes (44 %) par le BS. ComparĂ©es Ă  l’histologie du curage axillaire post-CNA, les sensibilitĂ© et spĂ©cificitĂ© de la TEP ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es Ă  80 % et 63 %. La TEP a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une atteinte ganglionnaire extra-axillaire, non suspectĂ©e par le BS, chez 25 patientes (28 %). Des lĂ©sions mĂ©tastatiques mĂ©connues par le BS ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couvertes au niveau osseux chez deux patientes et pulmonaire chez une patiente. Un cas de faux-positif TEP hĂ©patique a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© (adĂ©nomatose). Cette Ă©tude confirme l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la TEP dans le staging initial des CSLA, notamment au niveau ganglionnaire extra-axillaire. Au niveau axillaire, une TEP positive suggĂšre fortement une atteinte mĂ©tastatique ; les cas d’interprĂ©tation douteuse incitant Ă  rĂ©aliser en complĂ©ment une cytoponction Ă©choguidĂ©e

    Intrinsic nucleic acid dynamics modulates HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein binding to its targets

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    HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) is involved in the rearrangement of nucleic acids occurring in key steps of reverse transcription. The protein, through its two zinc fingers, interacts preferentially with unpaired guanines in single-stranded sequences. In mini-cTAR stem-loop, which corresponds to the top half of the cDNA copy of the transactivation response element of the HIV-1 genome, NC was found to exhibit a clear preference for the TGG sequence at the bottom of mini-cTAR stem. To further understand how this site was selected among several potential binding sites containing unpaired guanines, we probed the intrinsic dynamics of mini-cTAR using (13)C relaxation measurements. Results of spin relaxation time measurements have been analyzed using the model-free formalism and completed by dispersion relaxation measurements. Our data indicate that the preferentially recognized guanine in the lower part of the stem is exempt of conformational exchange and highly mobile. In contrast, the unrecognized unpaired guanines of mini-cTAR are involved in conformational exchange, probably related to transient base-pairs. These findings support the notion that NC preferentially recognizes unpaired guanines exhibiting a high degree of mobility. The ability of NC to discriminate between close sequences through their dynamic properties contributes to understanding how NC recognizes specific sites within the HIV genome
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