Direct observation of irradiation-induced nanocavity shrinkage in Si

Nanocavities in Si substrates, formed by conventional H implantation and thermal annealing, are shown to evolve in size during subsequent Si irradiation. Both ex situ and in situ analytical techniques were used to demonstrate that the mean nanocavity diameter decreases as a function of Si irradiation dose in both the crystalline and amorphous phases. Potential mechanisms for this irradiation-induced nanocavity evolution are discussed. In the crystalline phase, the observed decrease in diameter is attributed to the gettering of interstitials. When the matrix surrounding the cavities is amorphized, cavity shrinkage may be mediated by one of two processes: nanocavities can supply vacancies into the amorphous phase and/or the amorphous phase may flow plastically into the nanocavities. Both processes yield the necessary decrease in density of the amorphous phase relative to crystalline material

Perancangan Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja Aktivitas Green Supply Chain Management (Gscm) (Studi Kasus: Kud “Batu”

KUD “BATU” merupakan salah satu sektor industri yang memiliki aktivitas supply chain dalam memproduksi susu pasteurisasi Nandhi Murni. Selama ini, KUD “BATU” belum pernah melakukan pengukuran kinerja supply chain management yang ramah lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu metode yang dapat diterapkan dalam pengukuran kinerja supply chain management yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur sejauh mana pencapaian kinerja supply chain management KUD “BATU” yang ramah lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja supply chain management yang ramah lingkungan adalah metode pendekatan green supply chain management (GSCM). Model pengukuran kinerja GSCM ini terdiri dari aktivitas green procurement, green manufacture, green distribution dan reverse logistic. Dari pengamatan didapatkan indikator pengukuran sejumlah 44 key performance indicator yang sudah valid. KPI ini diberikan bobot dengan menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dengan bantuan software expert choice 11. Selanjutnya dilakukan perhitungan scoring system menggunakan Objective Matrix (OMAX) dan traffic light system. Dari pengukuran tersebut dapat diberikan rekomendasi perbaikan pada indikator kinerja yang memiliki kategori merah dalam traffic light system

Mycoheterotrophic plants preferentially target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that are highly connected to autotrophic plants

How mycoheterotrophic plants that obtain carbon and soil nutrients from fungi are integrated in the usually mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal networks is unknown. Here, we compare autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plant associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and use network analysis to investigate interaction preferences in the tripartite network. We sequenced root tips from autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic plants to assemble the combined tripartite network between autotrophic plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and mycoheterotrophic plants. We compared plant-fungal interactions between mutualistic and antagonist networks, and searched for a diamond-like module defined by a mycoheterotrophic and an autotrophic plant interacting with the same pair of fungi to investigate whether pairs of fungi simultaneously linked to plant species from each interaction type were overrepresented throughout the network. Mycoheterotrophic plants as a group interacted with a subset of the fungi detected in autotrophs but are indirectly linked to all autotrophic plants, and fungi with high overlap in autotrophic partners tend to interact with a similar set of mycoheterotrophs. Moreover, pairs of fungi sharing the same mycoheterotrophic and autotrophic plant species are overrepresented in the network. We hypothesize that the maintenance of antagonistic interactions is maximized by targeting well-linked mutualistic fungi, thereby minimizing the risk of carbon supply shortages

Androgenetic alopecia: a review

Androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. The aim of this paper is to review recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and molecular mechanism of androgenetic alopecia.Using the PubMed database, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies published from 1916 to 2016.The occurrence and development of androgenetic alopecia depends on the interaction of endocrine factors and genetic predisposition. Androgenetic alopecia is characterized by progressive hair follicular miniaturization, caused by the actions of androgens on the epithelial cells of genetically susceptible hair follicles in androgen-dependent areas. Although the exact pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia remains to be clarified, research has shown that it is a polygenetic condition. Numerous studies have unequivocally identified two major genetic risk loci for androgenetic alopecia, on the X-chromosome ARa"EDA2R locus and the chromosome 20p11 locus.Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms at different genomic loci are associated with androgenetic alopecia development. A number of genes determine the predisposition for androgenetic alopecia in a polygenic fashion. However, further studies are needed before the specific genetic factors of this polygenic condition can be fully explained

Magnetic field resistant quantum interferences in bismuth nanowires based Josephson junctions

We investigate proximity induced superconductivity in micrometer-long bismuth nanowires con- nected to superconducting electrodes with a high critical field. At low temperature we measure a supercurrent that persists in magnetic fields as high as the critical field of the electrodes (above 11 T). The critical current is also strongly modulated by the magnetic field. In certain samples we find regular, rapid SQUID-like periodic oscillations occurring up to high fields. Other samples ex- hibit less periodic but full modulations of the critical current on Tesla field scales, with field-caused extinctions of the supercurrent. These findings indicate the existence of low dimensionally, phase coherent, interfering conducting regions through the samples, with a subtle interplay between orbital and spin contributions. We relate these surprising results to the electronic properties of the surface states of bismuth, strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling, large effective g factors, and their effect on the induced superconducting correlations.Comment: 5 page

Surface tension implementation for Gensmac 2D

In the present work we describe a method which allows the incorporation of surface tension into the GENSMAC2D code. This is achieved on two scales. First on the scale of a cell, the surface tension effects are incorporated into the free surface boundary conditions through the computation of the capillary pressure. The required curvature is estimated by fitting a least square circle to the free surface using the tracking particles in the cell and in its close neighbors. On a sub-cell scale, short wavelength perturbations are filtered out using a local 4-point stencil which is mass conservative. An efficient implementation is obtained through a dual representation of the cell data, using both a matrix representation, for ease at identifying neighbouring cells, and also a tree data structure, which permits the representation of specific groups of cells with additional information pertaining to that group. The resulting code is shown to be robust, and to produce accurate results when compared with exact solutions of selected fluid dynamic problems involving surface tension