41 research outputs found
Air quality during uncontrolled fires: a multi-years case of study
Exposure to high level of pollutant as a consequence of uncontrolled fire is a issue that must be managed in the right way in order to protect environment and ensure a
safe habitat for humans, flora and fauna, because is
well know that emissions occurred during those events
could serious contaminate air soil and water, and some pollutant could be hazardous for the human health (Lemieux, 2002). During uncontrolled fires a lot of contaminants may be emitted, but in high concern for the human
health are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and
PAHs (Coudon et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2008).
Moreover uncontrolled burning could release polychlorinated biphenyls dioxin-like (PCB dl), that are generated as by-product during industrial combustions. Those pollutants are all of high concern for human health because they have well-known carcinogenic and
mutagenic properties, e.g. is well known that PAHs is the main carcinogenic constituent of ambient aerosol (Zhang et al., 2008, Fent et al., 2018; Ravindra et al., 2008). Moreover, PCDD/PCDF, frequently referred as
dioxin, are recognized as toxic chemical pollutant, with endocrine proprieties and toxic dioxin congener is classified as group1 carcinogen by the international agency for research in cancer (IARC).
The aim of this study is evaluate how uncontrolled
fires can affect air quality by characterizing persistent organic pollutant emitted from some events occurred
from 2015 to 2018 in Veneto region (northern Italy).
This area is one of the most polluted and urbanized areas in Europe (Larsen et al., 2012)and uncontrolled
fire can further enhance this severe situation, leading
air pollution to critical level.
During those accidental events the Environmental Protection Agency of Veneto (ARPAV), in order to monitoring the effect of fires, and ensure public health, collected some air samples using Hi-vol samplers
equipped with quartz fiber filter (QFF) for collecting
“particulate” phase compounds and a polyurethane foam plug (PUF) for retaining “gas-phase” compounds. Subsequently, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyls dioxin-like (PCB dl) and
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were analysed using a High Resolution Gas Chromatography
(HRGC), coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). As expected results show large increase of
PCDD/PCDF, PCB dl and PAHs during and immediately after incidental fires, with differences in pollutant
composition. It’s noticeable how, in a few time (hours to days) pollutant concentration presented a clear and strong drop, leading air quality to better conditions. This drop is probably due to meteorological factors, that will be investigated
Long-term trends of PM10-bound arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and lead across the Veneto region (NE Italy)
Since the mid-90s, the European Community has
adopted increasingly stringent air quality standards.
Consequently, air quality has generally improved across
Europe. However, current EU standards are still breached
in some European hotspots.
The Veneto region (NE Italy) lies in the eastern
part of the Po Valley, a major European hotspot for air
pollution, where EU standards for particulate matter,
nitrogen oxides and ozone are still breached at some
sites.
This study aims to analyse the PM10-bound
arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and lead concentrations over a
10 years-long period (2010-2020) in the Veneto Region
by using data collected by the local environmental
protection agency (ARPAV) in 20 sampling stations
mostly distributed across the plain areas of the region
and categorized as rural (RUR), urban (URB), and
suburban (SUB) background, industrial (IND) and traffic
(TRA) hotspots (Figure 1). The comprehensive dataset
discussed in this study was statistically investigated to
detect the seasonal trends, their relationship with other
air pollutants and meteorological parameters and their
spatial variations at a regional scale. This study
completes previous air quality studies over the Veneto
region for gaseous pollutants and bulk PM10 (Masiol et al.
2017).
Samplings were carried out according to CEN EN
12341:1998 standard on quartz fibre filters and were
continuous for 24 h, starting at midnight. The gravimetric
determination of PM10 mass was measured following
the CEN EN 12341:2014 standard. The elemental analysis
was performed using an ICP-MS (Agilent 7700) after acid
digestion (EN 14902:2005).
The trends were analysed using different
approaches on the monthly-averaged data. The shape of
trends and their seasonal variations were assessed
through the seasonal-trend decomposition time series
procedure based on “Loess” (STL). The linear trends were
computed by the Mann-Kendall trend test (p < 0.05) and
the Theil-Sen nonparametric estimator of slope (MK-TS).
Since this latter analysis assumes monotonic linear
trends and does not consider the shape of trends, the
presence of possible breakpoints was investigated using
the piecewise regression.
Generally, monthly patterns of all analysed
elements show higher concentrations during winter,
following PM10 concentrations. Some exceptions were
detected and discussed. Results of trend analysis indicate
statistically significant negative (decreasing) or null linear
trends in almost all stations. A few positive (increasing)
but not statistically significant trends were also detected.
Some sites showed rapid decreases occurred in
short periods and linked to peculiar events or local
causes. Among others, several sites across the Venice
area showed significant drops of arsenic concentrations
after the REACH (Registration Evaluation Authorisation
of Chemicals) implementation (Formenton et al., 2021).
Data used in this study are provided by ARPAV (Agenzia
Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale
del Veneto, https://www.arpa.veneto.it/)
Carbonaceous PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosol across the Veneto region (NE Italy)
Organic and elemental carbon (OC-EC) were measured in 360 PM2.5 samples collected from April 2012 to February 2013 at six provinces in the Veneto region, to determine the factors affecting the carbonaceous aerosol variations. The 60 daily samples have been collected simultaneously in all sites during 10 consecutive days for 6months (April, June, August, October, December and February). OC ranged from 0.98 to 22.34μg/m3, while the mean value was 5.5μg/m3, contributing 79% of total carbon. EC concentrations fluctuated from 0.19 to 11.90μg/m3 with an annual mean value of 1.31μg/m3 (19% of the total carbon). The monthly OC concentration gradually increased from April to December. The EC did not vary in accordance with OC. However the highest values for both parameters were recorded in the cold period. The mean OC/EC ratio is 4.54, which is higher than the values observed in most of the other European cities. The secondary organic carbon (SOC) contributed for 69% of the total OC and this was confirmed by both the approaches OC/EC minimum ratio and regression. The results show that OC, EC and SOC exhibited higher concentration during winter months in all measurement sites, suggesting that the stable atmosphere and lower mixing play important role for the accumulation of air pollutant and hasten the condensation or adsorption of volatile organic compounds over the Veneto region. Significant meteorological factors controlling OC and EC were investigated by fitting linear models and using a robust procedure based on weighted likelihood, suggesting that low wind speed and temperature favour accumulation of emissions from local sources. Conditional probability function and conditional bivariate probability function plots indicate that both biomass burning and vehicular traffic are probably the main local sources for carbonaceous particulate matter emissions in two selected cities
Seasonal trends and spatial variations of PM10-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Veneto Region, Northeast Italy
The Veneto Region extends for ~18.4·103km2 in the northeastern part of the Po Valley and includes mountains, hills, plain and coastal environments with very different and discontinuous anthropogenic pressures. Although many efforts have been made to mitigate air pollution, the European air quality standards for atmospheric pollutants are frequently breached. This study investigates the levels of eight PM10-bound PAHs collected in 21 stations categorized as rural background, urban and suburban backgrounds, traffic and industrial hot-spots during one year (2011). Data were statistically processed to detect the PAH seasonal trends, their relationship with other air pollutants and micro-meteorological parameters and the space variations at a regional scale. Results show that PAHs levels are relatively high in the largest part of the region, with 10 sites exceeding the levels of BaP targeted by the European legislation. Two sites exhibited anomalously high PAHs concentrations and this anomaly became even more evident when considering the population density as a surrogate for the potential anthropogenic pressure. The PAHs levels were found directly proportional to other gaseous pollutants (CO, NO, NOx, SO2) suggesting common polluting sources. The analysis of time trends of PAH concentrations reveals significant coincidences throughout the region, i.e. simultaneous changes are observed in most sites as a consequence of similar emission sources and accumulation/removal processes. In this scenario, the control strategies currently imposed at local level (e.g. traffic limitations) have proven scarcely effective in mitigating air pollution and a real coordination at regional or even interregional level cannot be further postponed. Peculiar features of the PAHs pollution in the Veneto were also identified and some measures for protecting the human health were suggested
Aerosol indirect effects on glaciated clouds. Part I: Model description
Various improvements were made to a state-of-the-art aerosol–cloud model and comparison of the model results with observations from field campaigns was performed. The strength of this aerosol–cloud model is in its ability to explicitly resolve all the known modes of heterogeneous cloud droplet activation and ice crystal nucleation. The model links cloud particle activation with the aerosol loading and chemistry of seven different aerosol species. These improvements to the model resulted in more accurate prediction especially of droplet and ice crystal number concentrations in the upper troposphere and enabled the model to directly sift the aerosol indirect effects based on the chemistry and concentration of the aerosols. In addition, continental and maritime cases were simulated for the purpose of validating the aerosol–cloud model and for investigating the critical microphysical and dynamical mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects from anthropogenic solute and solid aerosols, focusing mainly on glaciated clouds. The simulations showed that increased solute aerosols reduced cloud particle sizes by about 5 μm and inhibited warm rain processes. Cloud fractions and their optical thicknesses were increased quite substantially in both cases. Although liquid mixing ratios were boosted, there was however a substantial reduction of ice mixing ratios in the upper troposphere owing to the increase in snow production aloft. These results are detailed in the subsequent parts of this study
Fungal infections and Cultural Heritage: An alternative approach for VOCs analysis applied in indoor environment
Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement
A total of 85 PM2.5 samples were collected at a site located in a large industrial zone (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) during a 1-year-long sampling campaign. Samples were analyzed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan, and results were processed to investigate the seasonal patterns, the relationship between the analyzed species, and the most probable sources by using a set of tools, including (i) conditional probability function (CPF), (ii) conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), (iii) concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and (iv) potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses. Furthermore, the importance of biomass combustions to PM2.5 was also estimated. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 54 and 16 μg m−3 in the cold and warm period, respectively. The mean value of total ions was 11 μg m−3 (range 1–46 μg m−3): The most abundant ion was nitrate with a share of 44 % followed by sulfate (29 %), ammonium (14 %), potassium (4 %), and chloride (4 %). Levoglucosan accounted for 1.2 % of the PM2.5 mass, and its concentration ranged from few ng m−3 in warm periods to 2.66 μg m−3 during winter. Average concentrations of levoglucosan during the cold period were higher than those found in other European urban sites. This result may indicate a great influence of biomass combustions on particulate matter pollution. Elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC) showed similar behavior, with the highest contributions during cold periods and lower during summer. The ratios between biomass burning indicators (K+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, levoglucosan, EC, and OC) were used as proxy for the biomass burning estimation, and the contribution to the OC and PM2.5 was also calculated by using the levoglucosan (LG)/OC and LG/PM2.5 ratios and was estimated to be 29 and 18 %, respectively
Caratterizzazione chimica del particolato atmosferico in Veneto: Dieci anni di studi
Lo studio della composizione del particolato atmosferico (PM) nel Veneto, accoppiato all'acquisizione dei dati meteorologici, ha offerto molte opportunità per comprendere gli andamenti stagionali e le sorgenti del particolato atmosferico. Un risultato ormai consolidato offerto da queste analisi mostra che durante il periodo invernale, così come gran parte della pianura padana, vi è una forte associazione tra le concentrazioni di PM con le sostanze strettamente legate alla combustione della biomassa legnosa. Inoltre risulta non trascurabile il contributo dell'aerosol secondario che è legato alle emissioni di precursori gassosi da traffico, combustioni per il riscaldamento residenziale. Al contrario durante il periodo estivo risulta molto più importante il contributo dovuto alla risospensione di materiale crostale e del "road dust". Gli interventi per la riduzione dell'inquinamento atmosferico nel corso degli anni si sono dimostrati spesso inefficaci perché non hanno inciso in modo drastico sulla riduzione delle sorgenti e non hanno modificato i comportamenti sociali su larga scala
Caratterizzazione chimica del particolato atmosferico in Veneto: Dieci anni di studi
Lo studio della composizione del particolato atmosferico (PM) nel Veneto, accoppiato all'acquisizione dei dati meteorologici, ha offerto molte opportunità per comprendere gli andamenti stagionali e le sorgenti del particolato atmosferico. Un risultato ormai consolidato offerto da queste analisi mostra che durante il periodo invernale, così come gran parte della pianura padana, vi è una forte associazione tra le concentrazioni di PM con le sostanze strettamente legate alla combustione della biomassa legnosa. Inoltre risulta non trascurabile il contributo dell'aerosol secondario che è legato alle emissioni di precursori gassosi da traffico, combustioni per il riscaldamento residenziale. Al contrario durante il periodo estivo risulta molto più importante il contributo dovuto alla risospensione di materiale crostale e del "road dust". Gli interventi per la riduzione dell'inquinamento atmosferico nel corso degli anni si sono dimostrati spesso inefficaci perché non hanno inciso in modo drastico sulla riduzione delle sorgenti e non hanno modificato i comportamenti sociali su larga scala