88 research outputs found

    Psicomotricity and retrogenesis: considerations about aging and Alzheimer's disease

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    CONTEXTO: A teoria da retrogĂȘnese refere-se Ă s mudanças nas habilidades psicomotoras que ocorrem de forma inversa Ă  aquisição do desenvolvimento motor normal. Tais mudanças ocorrem ao longo do processo de envelhecimento e tambĂ©m sĂŁo ilustradas por mudanças degenerativas ocorridas na doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVOS: Revisar o conceito de retrogĂȘnese no envelhecimento e na DA e discutir os artigos publicados sobre o assunto nos Ășltimos 10 anos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane e Sci SciELO com as palavras-chave "retrogenesis" (retrogĂȘnese), "elderly" (idoso) e "Alzheimer's disease" (doença de Alzheimer). RESULTADOS: A busca bibliogrĂĄfica resultou em seis artigos, dois dos quais publicados nos primeiros meses de 2009, sendo realizadas anĂĄlise descritiva e interpretação crĂ­tica deles. Foi possĂ­vel observar que o estudo da retrogĂȘnese na velhice tem sido feito fundamentalmente com base na DA, principalmente por meio de revisĂ”es bibliogrĂĄficas e exploraçÔes teĂłricas. Esses trabalhos correlacionam manifestaçÔes observadas na DA com determinadas alteraçÔes fisiolĂłgicas, seguindo o sentido oposto ao do desenvolvimento normal do ser humano. CONCLUSÃO: A partir da revisĂŁo realizada, destacou-se o modelo da retrogĂȘnese funcional que ilustra as alteraçÔes involutivas que ocorrem em pacientes acometidos em pacientes com DA. Modelos experimentais utilizando-se de tĂ©cnicas de ressonĂąncia magnĂ©tica com medidas de anisotropia, identificando alteraçÔes de substĂąncia branca, tĂȘm sido apresentados para testar as hipĂłteses teĂłricas da retrogĂȘnese.BACKGROUND: The theory of retrogenesis refers to changes in psychomotor abilities that occur in the reverse order in which they are acquired in normal psychomotor development. Such changes occur along the aging process and are also illustrated by the degenerative changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES: To review the concept of retrogenesis in aging and in AD and to discuss the articles published on the subject in the last ten years. METHODS: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane and SciELO with the keywords "retrogenesis", "elderly" and "Alzheimer's disease". RESULTS: The literature search resulted in six articles, two of which recently published. We conducted a descriptive analysis of them. We observed that the study of retrogenesis in old age has been done primarily on the basis of AD, mainly through literature reviews and theoretical explorations. These works correlate events observed in AD with some physiological changes, following the opposite direction to the normal development of human beings. DISCUSSION: Based on available literature, we support the notion that functional retrogenesis model illustrate the changes that occur in patients with AD. This notion is supported by experimental models using diffusion tensor imaging and addressing white-matter changes that occur along the aging and the disease processes

    Subjective memory and strategy use in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging

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    Limited information is available about subjective memory and strategy use in seniors with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We investigated whether differences exist in the perception of changes in memory, perceived frequency of forgetting, overall memory evaluation, and strategy use between seniors with MCI and unimpaired older adults. The study included 56 participants, aged 60 years and older, including 28 normal controls (NC) and 28 MCI patients. The participants completed the Short Cognitive Performance Test, the Story and Grocery list recall tasks, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, the Memory Complaint Questionnaire for the perception of changes in episodic memory, the McNair Frequency of Forgetting Questionnaire, and a single question that evaluated overall memory. The Bousfield semantic clustering measure was calculated to assess semantic clustering for list recall. The number of underlined words during story encoding was calculated to assess strategy use. Participants with MCI had significantly worse scores on Story and Grocery list recall, semantic clustering, and overall memory evaluation. No differences were found in the number of underlined words. List recall was significantly correlated with semantic clustering in both groups (NC: r = .58, p = .001; MCI: r = .57, p = .002). Participants with MCI appeared to be less efficacious when using memory strategies, which may be associated with poor memory performance.FAPESP 09/06460-

    DiagnĂłstico diferencial das demĂȘncias

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    Dementia is a syndrome characterized by progressive impairment of cognitive functions, particularly in memory, which affects social and occupational activities. The differential diagnosis must, firstly, identify potentially treatable causes of cognitive impairment, addressing the different etiologies of reversible dementia such as metabolic alterations, intoxications, CNS infections, and nutritional deficiencies. The correct and early diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia carries therapeutic and prognostic implications, which may attenuate the inevitable cognitive and behavioral deficits. Definitive diagnoses of most primary dementia syndromes rely on post-mortem neuropathological examination. However, a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed clinical history, physical and neurological examination, combined with biochemical determinations and neuroimaging, provide a more accurate differential diagnosis. Technological innovations making use of both structural and functional neuroimaging methods, as well molecular biology and molecular genetic techniques, have presented in the recent literature a strong perspective for the early diagnosis of dementia, especially of Alzheimer disease. The different etiologies involved in the development of dementia syndromes, as well as the respective diagnostic conduct, will be reviewed in this article.As sĂ­ndromes demenciais sĂŁo caracterizadas pela presença de dĂ©ficit progressivo na função cognitiva, com maior ĂȘnfase na perda de memĂłria, e interferĂȘncia nas atividades sociais e ocupacionais. O diagnĂłstico diferencial deve, primeiramente, identificar os quadros potencialmente reversĂ­veis, de etiologias diversas, tais como alteraçÔes metabĂłlicas, intoxicaçÔes, infecçÔes, deficiĂȘncias nutricionais etc. Nas demĂȘncias degenerativas primĂĄrias e nas formas seqĂŒelares, o diagnĂłstico etiolĂłgico carrega implicaçÔes terapĂȘuticas e prognĂłsticas. Sabe-se que o diagnĂłstico definitivo da maioria das sĂ­ndromes demenciais depende do exame neuropatolĂłgico. Entretanto, uma avaliação clĂ­nica cuidadosa incluindo anamnese detalhada, exames fĂ­sico e neurolĂłgico, associado a determinaçÔes bioquĂ­micas e de neuroimagem, podem possibilitar maior acurĂĄcia no diagnĂłstico diferencial. InovaçÔes tecnolĂłgicas servindo-se de mĂ©todos de neuroimagem estrutural e funcional, bem como de tĂ©cnicas de biologia e genĂ©tica molecular, tĂȘm apresentado perspectivas para o diagnĂłstico precoce das demĂȘncias, particularmente da doença de Alzheimer. As diversas etiologias implicadas no desenvolvimento de sĂ­ndromes demenciais, bem como as respectivas condutas diagnĂłsticas, serĂŁo revistas neste artigo

    Psicomotricity and retrogenesis: considerations about aging and Alzheimer's disease

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    BACKGROUND: The theory of retrogenesis refers to changes in psychomotor abilities that occur in the reverse order in which they are acquired in normal psychomotor development. Such changes occur along the aging process and are also illustrated by the degenerative changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES: To review the concept of retrogenesis in aging and in AD and to discuss the articles published on the subject in the last ten years. METHODS: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane and SciELO with the keywords "retrogenesis", "elderly" and "Alzheimer's disease". RESULTS: The literature search resulted in six articles, two of which recently published. We conducted a descriptive analysis of them. We observed that the study of retrogenesis in old age has been done primarily on the basis of AD, mainly through literature reviews and theoretical explorations. These works correlate events observed in AD with some physiological changes, following the opposite direction to the normal development of human beings. DISCUSSION: Based on available literature, we support the notion that functional retrogenesis model illustrate the changes that occur in patients with AD. This notion is supported by experimental models using diffusion tensor imaging and addressing white-matter changes that occur along the aging and the disease processes.CONTEXTO: A teoria da retrogĂȘnese refere-se Ă s mudanças nas habilidades psicomotoras que ocorrem de forma inversa Ă  aquisição do desenvolvimento motor normal. Tais mudanças ocorrem ao longo do processo de envelhecimento e tambĂ©m sĂŁo ilustradas por mudanças degenerativas ocorridas na doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVOS: Revisar o conceito de retrogĂȘnese no envelhecimento e na DA e discutir os artigos publicados sobre o assunto nos Ășltimos 10 anos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane e Sci SciELO com as palavras-chave "retrogenesis" (retrogĂȘnese), "elderly" (idoso) e "Alzheimer's disease" (doença de Alzheimer). RESULTADOS: A busca bibliogrĂĄfica resultou em seis artigos, dois dos quais publicados nos primeiros meses de 2009, sendo realizadas anĂĄlise descritiva e interpretação crĂ­tica deles. Foi possĂ­vel observar que o estudo da retrogĂȘnese na velhice tem sido feito fundamentalmente com base na DA, principalmente por meio de revisĂ”es bibliogrĂĄficas e exploraçÔes teĂłricas. Esses trabalhos correlacionam manifestaçÔes observadas na DA com determinadas alteraçÔes fisiolĂłgicas, seguindo o sentido oposto ao do desenvolvimento normal do ser humano. CONCLUSÃO: A partir da revisĂŁo realizada, destacou-se o modelo da retrogĂȘnese funcional que ilustra as alteraçÔes involutivas que ocorrem em pacientes acometidos em pacientes com DA. Modelos experimentais utilizando-se de tĂ©cnicas de ressonĂąncia magnĂ©tica com medidas de anisotropia, identificando alteraçÔes de substĂąncia branca, tĂȘm sido apresentados para testar as hipĂłteses teĂłricas da retrogĂȘnese

    DemĂȘncia de Alzheimer: correlação entre memĂłria e autonomia

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    Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive impairment and dementia. Within a global reduction in cognitive skills, the loss of memory-related functions has a pivotal role in the development of functional disability. As opposed to physical handicap, disability due to cognitive impairment is a strong determinant of reduced autonomy, which in turn determines the degree of dependency on a caregiver. We further discuss the role of functional and cognitive screening instruments in the assessment of the degree of autonomy in patients with dementia.Discute-se neste artigo de revisĂŁo a relação entre demĂȘncia e autonomia, com enfoque particular nas perdas cognitivas e no comprometimento da memĂłria. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) Ă© uma doença neurodegenerativa progressiva que provoca demĂȘncia, comprometendo, ao longo de sua lenta evolução, a autonomia dos pacientes. A redução da autonomia Ă© o fator determinante da dependĂȘncia de um cuidador, que se torna indispensĂĄvel para preservar o provimento das necessidades bĂĄsicas da vida diĂĄria do paciente. É feita uma distinção entre a dependĂȘncia por limitaçÔes motoras e redução de mobilidade, daquela decorrente das perdas cognitivas. Discute-se tambĂ©m a importĂąncia do uso racional dos instrumentos de rastreio cognitivo e avaliação funcional na mensuração do grau de autonomia dos indivĂ­duos acometidos

    Psicomotricity and retrogenesis: considerations about aging and Alzheimer's disease

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    A teoria da retrogĂȘnese refere-se Ă s mudanças nas habilidades psicomotoras que ocorrem de forma inversa Ă  aquisição do desenvolvimento motor normal. Tais mudanças ocorrem ao longo do processo de envelhecimento e tambĂ©m sĂŁo ilustradas por mudanças degenerativas ocorridas na doença de Alzheimer (DA). Revisar o conceito de retrogĂȘnese no envelhecimento e na DA e discutir os artigos publicados sobre o assunto nos Ășltimos 10 anos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane e Sci SciELO com as palavras-chave "retrogenesis" (retrogĂȘnese), "elderly" (idoso) e "Alzheimer's disease" (doença de Alzheimer). A busca bibliogrĂĄfica resultou em seis artigos, dois dos quais publicados nos primeiros meses de 2009, sendo realizadas anĂĄlise descritiva e interpretação crĂ­tica deles. Foi possĂ­vel observar que o estudo da retrogĂȘnese na velhice tem sido feito fundamentalmente com base na DA, principalmente por meio de revisĂ”es bibliogrĂĄficas e exploraçÔes teĂłricas. Esses trabalhos correlacionam manifestaçÔes observadas na DA com determinadas alteraçÔes fisiolĂłgicas, seguindo o sentido oposto ao do desenvolvimento normal do ser humano. A partir da revisĂŁo realizada, destacou-se o modelo da retrogĂȘnese funcional que ilustra as alteraçÔes involutivas que ocorrem em pacientes acometidos em pacientes com DA. Modelos experimentais utilizando-se de tĂ©cnicas de ressonĂąncia magnĂ©tica com medidas de anisotropia, identificando alteraçÔes de substĂąncia branca, tĂȘm sido apresentados para testar as hipĂłteses teĂłricas da retrogĂȘnese373131137The theory of retrogenesis refers to changes in psychomotor abilities that occur in the reverse order in which they are acquired in normal psychomotor development. Such changes occur along the aging process and are also illustrated by the degenerative changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To review the concept of retrogenesis in aging and in AD and to discuss the articles published on the subject in the last ten years. A search was conducted in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Lilacs, Cochrane and SciELO with the keywords "retrogenesis", "elderly" and "Alzheimer's disease". The literature search resulted in six articles, two of which recently published. We conducted a descriptive analysis of them. We observed that the study of retrogenesis in old age has been done primarily on the basis of AD, mainly through literature reviews and theoretical explorations. These works correlate events observed in AD with some physiological changes, following the opposite direction to the normal development of human beings. Based on available literature, we support the notion that functional retrogenesis model illustrate the changes that occur in patients with AD. This notion is supported by experimental models using diffusion tensor imaging and addressing white-matter changes that occur along the aging and the disease processe

    Tolerabilidade e segurança do lítio em transtornos do humor: uma revisão crítica

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    Background : Lithium is a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder in all phases, also indicated as add-on drug for unipolar depression and suicide prevention. This study encompasses a broad critical review on the safety and tolerability of lithium for mood disorders. Methods : A computerized search for English written human studies was made in MEDLINE, using the keywords “lithium” and “mood disorders”, starting from July 1993 through July 2013 (n = 416). This initial search aimed to select clinical trials, prospective data, and controlled design studies of lithium treatment for mood disorders reporting adverse effects (n = 36). The final selection yielded 91 studies. Results : The most common general side effects in patients on lithium treatment were thirst, frequent urination, dry mouth, weight gain, fatigue and cognitive complaints. Lithium users showed a high prevalence of hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and decrease in urinary concentration ability. Reduction of glomerular filtration rate in patients using lithium was also observed, but in a lesser extent. The evidence of teratogenicity associated with lithium use is not well established. Anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and alprazolam may increase serum lithium and the consequent risk for intoxication. Discussion : Short-term lithium treatment is associated with mild side effects. Medium and long-term lithium treatment, however, might have effects on target organs which may be prevented by periodical monitoring. Overall, lithium is still a safe option for the treatment of mood disorders.Contexto : O lĂ­tio Ă© um tratamento de primeira linha para o transtorno bipolar, em todas as fases, e tambĂ©m Ă© indicado como terapia adjunta para a depressĂŁo unipolar e prevenção do suicĂ­dio. Este estudo abrange uma ampla revisĂŁo crĂ­tica sobre a segurança e a tolerabilidade do lĂ­tio para transtornos do humor. MĂ©todos : Uma busca informatizada para estudos com humanos escritos em inglĂȘs foi feita no MEDLINE, usando as palavras-chave “lĂ­tio” e “transtornos de humor”, a partir de julho de 1993 a julho de 2013 (n = 416). Esta pesquisa inicial teve como objetivo selecionar ensaios clĂ­nicos, estudos prospectivos e estudos controlados com tratamento com lĂ­tio para transtornos de humor, relatando efeitos adversos (n = 36). A seleção final identificou 91 estudos. Resultados : Os efeitos colaterais mais comuns nos pacientes em tratamento com lĂ­tio foram sede, micção frequente, boca seca, ganho de peso, fadiga e queixas cognitivas. UsuĂĄrios de lĂ­tio mostraram uma alta prevalĂȘncia de hipotireoidismo, hiperparatireoidismo e diminuição da capacidade de concentração urinĂĄria. TambĂ©m foi observada redução da taxa de filtração glomerular em pacientes utilizando lĂ­tio, mas em menor grau. A evidĂȘncia de teratogenicidade associada com o uso de lĂ­tio nĂŁo estĂĄ bem estabelecida. Os medicamentos anti-inflamatĂłrios nĂŁo esteroides, diurĂ©ticos, inibidores da enzima de conversĂŁo da angiotensina e alprazolam podem aumentar o lĂ­tio sĂ©rico e o consequente risco de intoxicação. ConclusĂ”es : O tratamento de curto prazo com lĂ­tio estĂĄ associado com efeitos colaterais leves. No entanto, tratamentos de mĂ©dio a longo prazo com lĂ­tio podem ter efeitos sobre ĂłrgĂŁos-alvo que podem ser prevenidos por acompanhamento periĂłdico. Em geral, o lĂ­tio Ă© ainda uma alternativa segura para o tratamento dos transtornos de humor

    Association study in Alzheimer’s disease of single nucleotide polymorphisms implicated with coffee consumption

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    Background There is evidence from animal and in vitro models of the protective effects of caffeine in Alzheimer’s disease. The suggested mechanisms through which caffeine may protect neurons against Alzheimer’s disease pathology include the facilitation of beta-amyloid clearance, upregulation of cholinergic transmission, and increased neuronal plasticity and survival. Epidemiological studies support that Alzheimer’s disease patients consume smaller amounts of coffee beverages throughout their lives as compared to age-matched cognitively healthy individuals. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine whether the negative association between Alzheimer’s disease and coffee consumption may be influenced by a common genetic predisposition, given the fact that the pattern of coffee consumption is determined by both environmental and genetic factors. Method We conducted an in silico search addressing the association between genetic polymorphisms related to coffee consumption and the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. We further investigated the interactions between genes located in regions bearing these polymorphisms. Results Our analysis revealed no evidence for a genetic association (nor interaction between related proteins) involving coffee consumption and Alzheimer’s disease. Discussion The negative association between Alzheimer’s disease and coffee consumption suggested by epidemiological studies is most likely due to environmental factors that are not necessarily regulated by genetic background

    Benefits of psychodynamic group therapy on depression, burden and quality of life of family caregivers to Alzheimer’s disease patients

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    Abstract Background Family members providing continuous care to demented patients suffer from severe burden that impairs quality of life and often evolves to depression. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of psychodynamic group psychotherapy (PGT) compared to body awareness therapy (BAT) on caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, and quality of life among family caregivers to Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Methods Thirty-seven healthy family caregivers were randomly allocated to receive PGT (n = 20) or BAT (n = 17). Interventions were administered in the format of 14 weekly group sessions. Outcome measures were: modification of scores on Zarit Burden Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and WHO-QoL Scale. Results Participants in the PGT group displayed significant reduction on burden (p = 0.01) and depression scores (p = 0.005), and improved quality of life (p = 0.002), whereas those in the BAT group showed improvements in burden of care (p = 0.001) and quality of life (p = 0.01), but not on depressive symptoms (p = 0.13). Discussion Psychodynamic psychotherapy was associated with amelioration of depressive symptoms, but overall benefits on burden of care and quality of life were similar irrespective of the type of intervention, i.e., psychologically-oriented or not. We hypothesize that these interventions can be complementary to improve depression and burden of care among family caregivers of AD patients
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