How does predicate invention affect human comprehensibility?

During the 1980s Michie defined Machine Learning in terms of two orthogonal axes of performance: predictive accuracy and comprehensibility of generated hypotheses. Since predictive accuracy was readily measurable and comprehensibility not so, later definitions in the 1990s, such as that of Mitchell, tended to use a one-dimensional approach to Machine Learning based solely on predictive accuracy, ultimately favouring statistical over symbolic Machine Learning approaches. In this paper we provide a definition of comprehensibility of hypotheses which can be estimated using human participant trials. We present the results of experiments testing human comprehensibility of logic programs learned with and without predicate invention. Results indicate that comprehensibility is affected not only by the complexity of the presented program but also by the existence of anonymous predicate symbols

Qualitative Spatial Interpretation of Course-of-Action Diagrams

Abstract This paper demonstrates qualitative spatial reasonin g techniques in a real-world diagrammatic reasoning task: Course-of-Action (COA) diagrams . COA diagrams are military planning diagrams that depict unit movements an d tasks in a given region . COA diagrams are a useful test be d for researching diagram understanding due to their composable symbology, their intrinsically spatial task, an d their use across many types of military planning . W e constructed two COA diagram interpreters using ou r qualitative spatial reasoning engine, GeoRep . The firs t system uses GeoRep to interpret individual COA glyphs . The second system, building upon the first, takes preclassified symbol input and then uses GeoRep to describ e geographic relationships implied by the symbol arrangements . This latter system, in a recent DARPA initiative , answered dozens of geographic queries about many different COA diagrams . This research shows that qualitative spatial reasoning, through tools like GeoRep, provides a useful substrate for complex diagrammatic reasoning

Ultra-Strong Machine Learning: comprehensibility of programs learned with ILP

During the 1980s Michie defined Machine Learning in terms of two orthogonal axes of performance: predictive accuracy and comprehensibility of generated hypotheses. Since predictive accuracy was readily measurable and comprehensibility not so, later definitions in the 1990s, such as Mitchell’s, tended to use a one-dimensional approach to Machine Learning based solely on predictive accuracy, ultimately favouring statistical over symbolic Machine Learning approaches. In this paper we provide a definition of comprehensibility of hypotheses which can be estimated using human participant trials. We present two sets of experiments testing human comprehensibility of logic programs. In the first experiment we test human comprehensibility with and without predicate invention. Results indicate comprehensibility is affected not only by the complexity of the presented program but also by the existence of anonymous predicate symbols. In the second experiment we directly test whether any state-of-the-art ILP systems are ultra-strong learners in Michie’s sense, and select the Metagol system for use in humans trials. Results show participants were not able to learn the relational concept on their own from a set of examples but they were able to apply the relational definition provided by the ILP system correctly. This implies the existence of a class of relational concepts which are hard to acquire for humans, though easy to understand given an abstract explanation. We believe improved understanding of this class could have potential relevance to contexts involving human learning, teaching and verbal interaction

Handling Peaches in Pallet Boxes

Excerpts from the report: During recent years the pallet box has been used as a handling container for many agricultural products. It is an economical handling container for transporting large quantities of products or materials over long distances. The pallet box was not used for handling fresh fruits and vegetables for many years because growers thought that perishable commodities would be injured if handled in this way. This study was undertaken to establish guidelines that will enable packinghouse operators to determine the economic feasibility of converting to pallet box handling. The specific objective of this study was to compare the labor and equipment costs for pallet box handling with those for field box handling on the basis of operating conditions prevalent in typical commercial peach packinghouses

Hypervalent Trigonal Bipyramidal Carbon

104 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1981.Dicationic species, formally two-electron oxidation products of 1,8-bis(arylthio)-9-(2,6-dimethoxyaryl)-10-phenylanthracenes, are proposed to have a bis-sulfonium structure containing a hypervalent trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) carbon atom. Structural features common to these structures which areU of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

Evaluation of Mechanized Egg-Grading and Packing Equipment

Excerpts from the report: Many types of egg-grading and packing equipment are available to the plant operator. They perform similar functions, but differ in degree of mechanization, capacity, cost, and labor requirements. Four representative systems of egg grading and packing, identified in this report as A, B, C, and D, were evaluated. Studies were conducted in plants utilizing these systems to determine ownership and operating costs, operating characteristics, and labor requirements. Many interrelated factors must be considered in the selection and utilization of egg-grading and packing equipment. Sound decisions cannot be made by considering the factors independently, but must be based on an analysis of the overall system. Manual-candling equipment should be available in all plants to handle occasional small lots or eggs of irregular quality, since even the most effective quality-control programs include occasional lots of poor quality. A procedure was developed for estimating the cost per case to grade and pack various volumes of eggs annually at any labor rate with each of the systems studied