3 for the economists

Petroleum industry and trade ; Trucking ; Airlines ; Industrial policy

Pollution pricing

Pollution ; Price regulation

Análise sobre a participação feminina em postos de gestão esportiva : a situação das federações olímpicas chilenas

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Marinho MezzadriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Defesa : Curitiba, 21/02/2022Inclui referências: p. 87-93Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os fatores que influem sobre a participação das mulheres nos postos de governança das federações esportivas olímpicas chilenas. Na atualidade a participação feminina na direção das federações esportivas olímpicas é muito baixa, correspondendo somente ao 11,5% do total dos postos de governança destas federações, os quais geralmente são postos de menor poder dentro da junta diretiva; sendo este baixo nível de representação uma situação que também acontece em outras áreas de representação da sociedade chilena. Nesta pesquisa foi desarrolhada uma revisão da história do esporte feminino no Chile, junto a um análise da participação feminina no esporte amador e competitivo na atualidade e com uma revisão de algumas teorias feministas sobre as dificultardes que enfrentam as mulheres ao momento de tentar aceder aos postos de governança; sendo esta informação complementada com as referências teóricas do sociólogo francês Pierre Bourdieu. A informação sobre as dificuldades que tem as mulheres nos postos de governança das federações olímpicas foi obtida através da aplicação de entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas aplicadas a mulheres que ao momento da entrevista desempenhavam-se como dirigentes de seis federações olímpicas de dito pais. As entrevistas foram realizadas através de vídeo chamadas utilizando a plataforma Google Meet, isto por causa da distância geográfica das entrevistadas com o entrevistador e por causa da pandemia do vírus Covid-19. As entrevistas foram analisadas através do software ATLAS.ti, um programa de análise de informação qualitativa que permite obter dados da informação recopilada e gerar uma análise ao nível sistémico ou de redes. As dirigentes entrevistadas sinalam como elementos que favorecem de sua gestão o contar com experiencia como atletas da disciplina esportiva, o apoio familiar, a força de caráter e os conhecimentos professionais derivados de seus estudos. Como elementos que dificultam sua gestão esportiva, as entrevistadas sinalam a existência de estereótipos de gênero dentro das diretivas de suas respetivas federações, o participar de diretivas masculinizadas e trabalhar com dirigentes idosos. Como recomendações para contribuir com aumentar a participação feminina são sugeridas a incorporação de quotas de gênero, a implementação de programas de capacitação, o desenvolvimento de manuais de boas práticas de trabalho enfocadas em gênero, transparentar os processos de eleição ou designação de cargos, transparentar e socializar as cifras de participação e flexibilizar horários e reuniões de trabalho.Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the factors that influence the participation of women in governance positions of the Chilean Olympic sports federations. Currently, female participation in the management of the Olympic sports federations is very low, corresponding to only 15.4% of the total governance positions of these federations, which are generally positions of less power within the board of directors; This low level of representation is a situation that also occurs in other areas of representation in Chilean society. In this research, a review of the history of women's sports in Chile was developed, together with an analysis of female participation in amateur and competitive sports today and with a review of some feminist theories about the difficulties women face today. of trying to access governance positions; being this information complemented with the theoretical references of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The information on the difficulties that women have in the governance positions of the Olympic federations was obtained through the application of semistructured qualitative interviews applied to women who are or were leaders of six Olympic federations this country in the last five years gráfico 1. The interviews were conducted through video calls using the Google Meet platform, due to the geographical distance of the interviewees from the interviewer and due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The interviews were analyzed using the ATLAS.ti software, a qualitative information analysis program that allows obtaining data from the information collected and generating an analysis at the systemic or network level. The leaders interviewed point out as facilitating elements of their management having experience as athletes in the sports discipline, family support, strength of character and professional knowledge derived from their studies. As obstacles to their sports management, the interviewees pointed out the existence of gender stereotypes within the directives of their respective federations, participating in masculinized directives and working with leaders who were very old. As recommendations to help increase female participation, the incorporation of gender quotas, the implementation of training programs, the development of manuals of good work practices focused on gender, transparency in the processes of election or appointment of positions, transparency and socialize the participation figures and make work schedules and meetings more flexible.Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores que influyen sobre la participación de las mujeres en los puestos de gobernanza de las federaciones deportivas olímpicas chilenas. En la actualidad la participación femenina en la dirección de las federaciones deportivas olímpicas es muy baja, correspondiendo solamente al 15,4% del total de los puestos de gobernanza de estas federaciones, los cuales generalmente son puestos de menor poder dentro de la junta directiva; siendo este bajo nivel de representación una situación que también sucede en otras áreas de representación de la sociedad chilena. En esta investigación fue desarrollada una revisión de la historia del deporte femenino en Chile, junto a un análisis de la participación femenina en el deporte amateur y competitivo en la actualidad y con una revisión de algunas teorías feministas sobre las dificultades que enfrentan las mujeres al momento de intentar acceder a los puestos de gobernanza; siendo esta información complementada con las referencias teóricas del sociólogo francés Pierre Bourdieu. La información sobre las dificultades que tienen las mujeres en los puestos de gobernanza de las federaciones olímpicas fue obtenida a través de la aplicación de entrevistas cualitativas semi-estructuradas aplicadas a mujeres que son o fueron dirigentes de seis federaciones olímpicas de dicho país en los últimos cinco años. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas a través de vídeo llamadas utilizando la plataforma Google Meet, esto por causa de la distancia geográfica de las entrevistadas con el entrevistador y por causa de la pandemia del virus Covid-19. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas a través del software ATLAS.ti, un programa de análisis de información cualitativa que permite obtener datos de la información recopilada y generar un análisis a nivel sistémico o de redes. Las dirigentes entrevistadas señalan como elementos facilitadores de su gestión el contar con experiencia como deportistas de la disciplina deportiva, el apoyo familiar, la fuerza de carácter y los conocimientos profesionales derivados de sus estudios. Como elementos obstaculizadores de su gestión deportiva, las entrevistadas señalaron la existencia de estereotipos de género dentro de las directivas de sus respectivas federaciones, el participar en directivas masculinizadas y trabajar con dirigentes que contaran con mucha edad. Como recomendaciones para contribuir a aumentar la participación femenina se sugieren la incorporación de cuotas de género, la implementación de programas de capacitación, el desarrollo de manuales de buenas prácticas de trabajo enfocadas en género, transparentar los procesos de elección o designación de cargos, transparentar y socializar las cifras de participación y flexibilizar horarios y reuniones de trabajo

Entity-fishing: a DARIAH entity recognition and disambiguation service

International audienceThis paper presents an attempt to provide a generic named-entity recognition and disambiguation module (NERD) called entity-fishing as a stable online service that demonstrates the possible delivery of sustainable technical services within DARIAH, the European digital research infrastructure for the arts and humanities. Deployed as part of the national infrastructure Huma-Num in France, this service provides an efficient state-of-the-art implementation coupled with standardised interfaces allowing an easy deployment on a variety of potential digital humanities contexts. Initially developed in the context of the FP9 EU project CENDARI, the software was well received by the user community and continued to be further developed within the H2020 HIRMEOS project where several open access publishers have integrated the service to their collections of published monographs as a means to enhance retrieval and access. entity-fishing implements entity extraction as well as disambiguation against Wikipedia and Wikidata entries. The service is accessible through a REST API which allows easier and seamless integration, language independent and stable convention and a widely used service-oriented architecture (SOA) design. Input and output data are carried out over a query data model with a defined structure providing flexibility to support the processing of partially annotated text or the repartition of text over several queries. The interface implements a variety of functionalities, like language recognition, sentence segmentation and modules for accessing and looking up concepts in the knowledge base. The API itself integrates more advanced contextual parametrisation or ranked outputs, allowing for the resilient integration in various possible use cases. The entity-fishing API has been used as a concrete use case to draft the experimental stand-off proposal, which has been submitted for integration into the TEI guidelines. The representation is also compliant with the Web Annotation Data Model (WADM). In this paper we aim at describing the functionalities of the service as a reference contribution to the subject of web-based NERD services. In this paper, we detail the workflow from input to output and unpack each building box in the processing flow. Besides, with a more academic approach, we provide a transversal schema of the different components taking into account non-functional requirements in order to facilitate the discovery of bottlenecks, hotspots and weaknesses. We also describe the underlying knowledge base, which is set up on the basis of Wikipedia and Wikidata content. We conclude the paper by presenting our solution for the service deployment: how and which the resources where allocated. The service has been in production since Q3 of 2017, and extensively used by the H2020 HIRMEOS partners during the integration with the publishing platforms

The application of Geant4 simulation code for brachytherapy treatment

Brachytherapy is a radiotherapeutic modality that makes use of radionuclides to deliver a high radiation dose to a well-defined volume while sparing surrounding healthy structures. At the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genova a High Dose Rate remote afterloading system provides Ir(192) endocavitary brachytherapy treatments. We studied the possibility to use the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit in brachytherapy for calculation of complex physical parameters, not directly available by experiment al measurements, used in treatment planning dose deposition models

Contribución a la cinemática del anticiclón del Pacífico sur

A partir de tres bases de datos climáticos diferentes para el Océano Pacífico Sur, se determina la evolución anual de la posición media mensual del Centro del Anticiclón del Pacífico (CAP) y la de la presión correspondiente. Se comparan entre sí loe resultados obtenidos y se extraen las características comunes más importantes. Se utilisan los valores medios mensuales de la presión de Isla de Pascua (27°10' S; 109°76' O) e Isla Juan Fernández (33°37' S; 78°52' O), para comprobar algunas de estas características y afinar otras. Se discute dichas características y se asocian a los rasgos fundamentales del lugar de presión media mensual máxima en Chile SLPM). A través del LPM se asocian algunas características del clima de Chile a las del CAP. Se pone de relieve el rol directo que juega la evolución de la latitud media mensual del CAP en esas características del clima.The annual evolutions of both monthly mean position and pressure oí the Pacific Anticyclone Centre (PAO) are determined using three South Pacific Ocean climatic data sets. Results from different data sets are intercompared and main common features identified. Monthly mean pressure observations from Isla de Pascua (27°10'S; 109°76'W) and Isla Juan Femándes (33°37*S; 78’52'W) are used to test some of these characteristics and to clarify others. Most significant properties of the location of maximum monthly mean pressure in Chile are then associated to PAC's position and pressure, allowing a linkage to be found between aspects oí Chilean climate and the identified PACs properties.. The PACs monthly mean latitude evolution role on these aspects of climate is highlighted.Asociación Argentina de Geofísicos y Geodesta

Automatic Extraction of TEI Structures in Digitized Lexical Resources using Conditional Random Fields

International audienceAn important number of digitized lexical resources remain unexploited due to their unstructured content. Manually structuring such resources is a costly task given their multifold complexity. Our goal is to find an approach to automatically structure digitized dictionaries, independently from the language or the lexicographic school or style. In this paper we present a first version of GROBID-Dictionaries1, an open source machine learning system for lexical information extraction.Our approach is twofold: we perform a cascading structure extraction, while we select at each level specific features for training.We followed a ”divide to conquer” strategy to dismantle text constructs in a digitized dictionary, based on the observation of their layout. Main pages (see Figure 1) in almost any dictionary share three blocks: a header (green), a footer (blue) and a body (orange). The body is, in its turn, constituted by several entries (red). Each lexical entry can be further decomposed (see Figure 2) as: form (green), etymology (blue), sense (red) or/and related entry. The same logic could be applied further for each extracted block but in the scope of this paper we focus just on the first three levels.The cascading approach ensures a better understanding of the learning process’s output and consequently simplifies the feature selection process. Limited exclusive text blocks per level helps significantly in diagnosing the cause of prediction errors. It allows an early detection and replacement of irrelevant selected features that can bias a trained model. In such a segmentation, it becomes more straightforward to notice that, for instance, the token position in the page is very relevant to detect headers and footers and has almost no pertinence for capturing a sense in a lexical entry which is very often split on two pages.To implement our approach, we took up the available infrastructure from GROBID [7], a machine learning system for the extraction of bibliographic metadata. GROBID adopts the same cascading approach and uses Conditional Random Fields (CRF) [6] to label text sequences. The output of Grobid dictionary is planned to generate a TEI compliant encoding [2, 9] where the various segmentation levels are associated with an appropriate XML tessellation. Collaboration with COST ENeL are ongoing to ensure maximal compatibility with existing dictionary projects.Our experiments justify so far our choices, where models for the first two levels trained on two different dictionary samples have given a high precision and recall with a small amount of annotated data. Relying mainly on the text layout, we tried to diversify the selected features for each model, on the token and line levels. We are working on tuning features and annotating more data to maintain the good results with new samples and to improve the third segmentation level.While just few task specific attempts [1] have been using machine learning in this research direction, the landscape remains dominated by rule based techniquess [4, 3, 8] which are ad-hoc and costly, even impossible, to adapt for new lexical resources

Variabilidad de los parámetros de radiopropagación asociada a cambios diarios en la ionósfera sobre Concepción, Chile

Se estudia la variabilidad de la concentración electrónica de la ianósfera sobre Concepción, Chile, y su efecto en la variabilidad de parámetros de radiopropagación. Se compara las distribuciones verticales de concentración electrónica, derivadas mediante la técnica de inversión de ionogramas, para el mediodía de unos pocos días de Mano de 1964, y que fueran publicados hace algún tiempo, con aquellas determinadas usando los modelos da Dudeney y de Bradley y Dudeney. Se encuentra que las distribuciones calculadas con las fórmulas de Dudeney se ajustan mejor a las obtenidas mediante inversión. Se encuentra que la variabilidad diaria de las distribuciones verticales modaladadas para el mediodía de la mayoría de los días de mano de 1964 es prácticamente independiente del modelo usado. La variabilidad cambia desde un 20% para alturas de la región E hasta alrededor de un 70% a 240 km. Se analisa el efecto de esta variabilidad diaria sobre parámetros de radiopropagación, usando resultados obtenidos con la técnica de trasudo de rayos, para sedales de 7.1 y y 14.2 MHs emitidas desde Concepción hacia el Norte y Este, con una serie de ángulos de elevación. Se incluye el efecto da la absorción radioeléctrica y del campo magnético. Los gráficos de distancia alcansada versus ángulo de elevación construidos muestran que los resultados asociados a las distribuciones verticales de Dudeney se ajustan mejor a los resultados correspondientes a la inversión de ionogramas que aquellos asociados a las distribuciones de Bradley y Dudeney. Se encuentra una variabilidad diaria del 100% para señales de 7.1 MHs y de 80% para señalas de 14.2 MHs que se propagan en modo E. Las variabilidades para el modo F son menores, sólo un 25% para 7.1 MHs y ángulo de elevación da 50° y 15% para 14.2 MHs y 30°.Ionospheric electron concentration variability over Concepción, Chile, and its effect on the variability of radiopropagation parameters are studied. Published vertical distributions of electron concentration far a few day of March 1964 at noon, derived using the ionogram inversion technique, are compared with those determined from Dudeney and Bradley and Dudeney models. Distributions computed using Dudeney's formulae are found to systematically better fit those related ionogram inversion. Day-to-day variability derived using modal vertical distributions far most day of March 1964 at noon is found to be independent of the model considered. It ranges from about 20% at E region heights to 70% at around 240 km. The effect of this day-to-day variability an radiopropagation parameters was analysed using ny—tracing results for lignait of 7.1 MHi and 14.2 MHi launched from Concepción towards the North and Eact, for a range of elevation angler. Geomagnetic field and radiowave absorption effects were included. Plots of range vanus elevation angle show that results associated to Dudeney's vertical distributions better fit those associated to ionogram inversion, than th* anti associated to Bradley and Dudeney distributions. E—mode range day-to-day variability amounts 100% for 7.1 MHi and 80% for 14.2 MHi. F—mode variabilities are smaller, being 25% for MHt signals launched at 50° and 15s for 14.2 MHi signals at 30s.Asociación Argentina de Geofísicos y Geodesta

Virtopsy in conjoined ischiopagus twins.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION To propose a multidisciplinary protocol for postmortem disclosure of complex fetal malformations, comparing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and autopsy in a case of conjoined ischiopagus twins. MATERIALS AND METHODS A screening second-trimester ultrasound diagnosed ischiopagus twins at 20 gestational weeks in a 31-year-old woman without any previous ultrasound examination. The couple decided for pregnancy termination. The formalin-fixed fetuses underwent full-body CT, MRI, and autopsy. RESULTS ultrasound accurately diagnosed ischiopagus twins. CT was very accurate in the description of bone components. MRI allowed better visualization of the visceral organs than CT. Only autopsy could disclose the aspect of the two gastrointestinal tracts and the external genitalia. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal ultrasound represents the standard diagnostic exam for conjoined twins. CT-MRI virtual autopsy (virtopsy) may be an option if the couple refuses to authorize necropsy or may be useful to plan a minimally invasive autopsy preserving the external phenotype