Does ethnicity of victims and bullies really matter? Suggestions for further research on intra-ethnic bullying/victimisation

This review aims to address a growing concern: Why are ethnic minority students, such as of Roma, bullied by their in-group peers for an ethnical reason? According to recent fndings, intra-ethnic bullying is becoming more prevalent across Europe; ethnic minority students are often bullied by one another more than by White-European peers. However, less is known about how intra-ethnic bullying happens in the same- or cross-ethnic minority groups and how it difers from inter-ethnic bullying. How classroom ethnic diversity afects not only inter-ethnic but also intra-ethnic bullying needs to be identifed for an accurate estimation of the prevalence rate, which appears inconsistent in the literature. This narrative review focused on common measurement methods leading to this inconsistency, provided theoretical explanations and proposed several hypotheses for further research. Prospective fndings might help to meet the growing concern for educational and social integration of ethnic minority students, particularly across Europe, Canada and the USA

Ciberacosados, Ciberacosadores y Uso Problemático de Internet: Algunos Parecidos Razonables

Background: The spread of the internet and Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have completely changed society in the last few decades. The transfer of traditional face-to-face bullying to the virtual environment is one of the risks adolescents face in this new reality. The present study sought to explore the relationship between involvement in cyberbullying and behaviours such as internet and mobile usage and other risky online behaviours. Method: The sample consisted of 3,188 adolescents aged 12-17 years old (Mean= 14.44; SD= 1.67). Results: The application of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) found that 5.2% were victims, 4.5% perpetrators and 4.3% bully-victims. Conclusions: Results also showed that cyberbullying seems to be associated with both Problematic Internet Use and behaviours such as sexting, gambling and contacting strangers, which suggests a need for a comprehensive approach for preventing all these issues. Moreover, parental monitoring could serve as a modulating factor, which should also be taken into account in the development of appropriate prevention strategiesAntecedentes: el uso generalizado de Internet y de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) ha cambiado completamente la sociedad en las últimas décadas. La transferencia del tradicional acoso escolar al entorno virtual es uno de los riesgos a los que se enfrentan los adolescentes en esta nueva realidad. El presente estudio se planteó como objetivo explorar la relación entre ciberacoso y uso de Internet y teléfono móvil y otras conductas de riesgo en línea. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 3.188 adolescentes de entre 12 y 17 años (Media= 14,44; DT= 1,67). Resultados: tras aplicar el European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) se encontró que el 5,2% eran víctimas, 4,5% agresores y el 4,3% víctimas-agresoras. Conclusiones: el ciberacoso parece estar asociado tanto al uso problemático de Internet como a comportamientos como el sexting, el juego online o el contacto con desconocidos a través de la Red, lo que sugiere la necesidad de un enfoque integral a nivel de prevención. Además, la supervisión parental constituiría un importante elemento modulador, lo cual debe ser tenido en cuenta para la elaboración de estrategias preventivas eficacesThis work was supported by the Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas under Grant 2018/008. Rafael Pichel and Sandra Feijóo would like to acknowledge the funding by the Government of Galicia under grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral”. Mairéad Foody is funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 713279S

Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?

School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groupsThis study is part of a larger research project funded by the Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas under Grant 2018/008. R.P. and S.F. are funded by the Government of Galicia under grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral”. M.F. is funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 713279S

Blame and responsibility in the context of youth produced sexual imagery: the role of teacher empathy and rape myth acceptance

This study examined Pre-Service Teachers’ (PSTs; N ¼ 92; 75% women, 25% men) tendency to blame students or to feel responsibility when confronted with different vignettes of the sharing of youth produced sexual images. Self-report measures of empathy and rape myth acceptance were collected. Findings showed that PSTs felt more responsible for girl targets depending on the vignette type. Moreover, they blamed the target more in the attention seeking vignette compared to other vignette types. Finally, PSTs who tended to blame the target showed lower levels of empathic concern and higher levels of rape myth acceptance. Implications for teaching education are discusse

Rhizomatic Forces in Sports

In 2016, Colin Kaepernick started kneeling for the national anthem before playing in NFL games. Football fans across the country repeated that this was not the correct time or place for his actions. What they failed to realize, however, was that sports are not just about the game. Many people watch sports to escape from the chaos of the modern world. However, as long as sports have been played, the societal issues aren’t hidden by sports, but instead sports magnify the problems that players and viewers are going through. From coming out as LGBT to betting scandals to protesting on the field, these rhizomatic influences practically fill the stadium and directly influence the game. All aspects of society; whether they be political, social or economic, impact all aspects of life regardless of how polarizing or politically uninclined they may seem. Sports is not an excuse to be superficial or blissfully ignorant to how these things impact society and vise-versa

Sexting behaviour among adolescents: Do friendship quality and social competence matter?

Sexting is fast becoming a common activity among adolescents, and an important issue of concern to adults. Previous literature suggests that the sending and/or receiving of sexual images, videos or texts within the peer network is a normative part of adolescent development. Much of the emerging work on sexting has focused on the peer network and emphasised that peer relationships are important contributing factors. Two under-studied elements in this regard relate to social competence and friendship; however, the association between sexting, social competence and friendship quality is difficult to determine based on previous literature alone. As such, this study performed two hierarchical regression models to identify which one best explains the relationships between these variables. Results suggest that Model 2, where social competence and sexting were predictors of friendship quality, explained more variance (25%) than Model 1, where social competence and friendship quality predicted sexting behaviour (16%). These results, as well as prevalence rates for sending sexts are discussed in detail. Recommendations for future research that considers the role of the peer group to understanding adolescent sexting are also outlined

Nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images among adolescents: associations with depression and self-esteem

The nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images is a form of image-based sexual abuse that is relatively common among adolescents. However, literature on this issue with adolescent samples is relatively scarce. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating how this phenomenon varies based on gender and sexual orientation, along with its association with depression and self-esteem. Participants were 728 secondary school students in Sweden (50.4% girls and 46.4% boys; 14.4% lesbian, gay, bisexual [LGB+]) aged from 12 to 19 years (M = 14.35, SD = 1.29). A survey was administered during school hours, including a measure assessing the nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images, the short version of the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire, and the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Results showed that LGB+ participants were more likely to indicate that they were victimized compared to their heterosexual peers, while no differences were observed for gender. Being the target of nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images was positively associated with depression, whereas no significant associations were yielded for self-esteem. Based on the findings from this study, we suggest raising adolescent awareness in relation to the nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images as a form of sexual abuse that can have detrimental effects on those who are targeted. Such educational programs should be inclusive of sexual minority adolescents, as they are at a particular risk of being the target of nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images. Psychological support should be provided to the targets of this form of abuse, through both school and online counseling. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs while recruiting diverse samples

Las diferencias de sexo en las conductas de acoso de los adolescentes

In recent decades there has been a progressive increase in concern and research into the problems of peer aggression, both in the educational setting and more recently, online. The present study sought to explore sex differences in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, since current literature has not reached a consensus in how bullying involvement could be moderated by sex. The sample consisted of 3,174 adolescents aged 12-17 years old who completed a paper survey which included the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. The main results found no differences in cyberbullying rates for boys and girls. In the case of bullying, there were more bully-victims among the boys, but no differences were found in the pure victims or pure perpetrators. When analysing the specific bullying behaviours suffered or perpetrated, several differences were found. However, said differences were discrete and it seems that there are not distinctly differentiated bullying patterns, which discourages the use of clearly differentiated preventive strategies for boys and girlsEn las últimas décadas ha ido creciendo la preocupación por las agresiones entre iguales y su investigación, tanto en el propio entorno escolar como, más recientemente, a través de la red. El presente estudio se planteó con el objetivo de explorar las diferencias de sexo tanto en el acoso tradicional como en el ciberacoso, pues la bibliografía existente no llega a un consenso sobre la forma en que la implicación en el acoso puede estar siendo moderada por el sexo o el género. La muestra constó de 3,174 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años que cumplimentaron por escrito una encuesta que incluía el European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire y el European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Los principales resultados no mostraron diferencias en las tasas de ciberacoso de chicas y chicos. Respecto al acoso tradicional, aunque se han hallado más víctimas-agresoras en los chicos, no se han encontrado diferencias en la tasa de víctimas y agresores puros. Al analizar las conductas específicas sufridas o perpetradas, se encontraron varias diferencias entre chicas y chicos. Sin embargo, esas diferencias eran pequeñas y no parece que haya un patrón de acoso claramente diferenciado, lo que desaconseja emplear estrategias preventivas claramente diferenciadas para chicas y para chicosThis study is part of a larger research project supported by Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas under Grant 2018/008. Sandra Feijóo and Rafael Pichel were supported with a fund by the Government of Galicia under grant “Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral”. Mairéad Foody is supported with a fund by the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 713279S

“It's not just sexy pics”: an investigation into sexting behaviour and behavioural problems in adolescents

Sexting has been identified as an emerging online phenomenon among adolescents. However, research investigating its behavioural correlates and the sexting behaviours (i.e., sending and/or receiving) is still scarce. The present study investigated the association between different sexting behaviours and various behavioural problems among Irish adolescents. A sample of 848 students aged 15–18 participated in the study (Mage = 16.4 years). A self-report measure assessing the sharing of sexual images among teenagers was created and administered for the purpose of this study. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was adopted to detect emotional and behavioural problems. Findings showed that senders of sexts are more likely to be girls, whereas receivers are more likely to be boys. Two-way sexting (i.e., sending and receiving sexts) was more prominent among boys, LGBTQ adolescents, and positively associated with peer problems. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical relevance

Informing action for United Nations SDG target 8.7 and interdependent SDGs: Examining modern slavery from space

This article provides an example of the ways in which remote sensing, Earth observation, and machine learning can be deployed to provide the most up to date quantitative portrait of the South Asian ‘Brick Belt’, with a view to understanding the extent of the prevalence of modern slavery and exploitative labour. This analysis represents the first of its kind in estimating the spatiotemporal patterns in the Bull’s Trench Kilns across the Brick Belt, as well as its connections with various UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With a principal focus on Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 regarding the effective measures to end modern slavery by 2030, the article provides additional evidence on the intersections that exist between SDG 8.7 and those relating to urbanisation (SDG 11, 12), environmental degradation and pollution (SDG 3, 14, 15), and climate change (SDG 13). Our findings are then used to make a series of pragmatic suggestions for mitigating the most extreme SDG risks associated with brick production in ways that can improve human lives and human freedom