32,763 research outputs found
On the chirality of the SM and the fermion content of GUTs
The Standard Model (SM) is a chiral theory, where right- and left-handed
fermion fields transform differently under the gauge group. Extra fermions, if
they do exist, need to be heavy otherwise they would have already been
observed. With no complex mechanisms at work, such as confining interactions or
extra-dimensions, this can only be achieved if every extra right-handed fermion
comes paired with a left-handed one transforming in the same way under the
Standard Model gauge group, otherwise the new states would only get a mass
after electroweak symmetry breaking, which would necessarily be small
(). Such a simple requirement severely constrains the
fermion content of Grand Unified Theories (GUTs). It is known for example that
three copies of the representations of
or three copies of the of can reproduce the
Standard Model's chirality, but how unique are these arrangements? In a
systematic way, this paper looks at the possibility of having non-standard
mixtures of fermion GUT representations yielding the correct Standard Model
chirality. Family unification is possible with large special unitary groups ---
for example, the representation of may decompose as
under
.Comment: Minor changes; matches publication in Nuclear Physics
Multiobjective analysis for the design and control of an electromagnetic valve actuator
The electromagnetic valve actuator can deliver much improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions in spark ignition (SI) engines owing to the potential for variable valve timing when compared with cam-operated, or conventional, variable valve strategies. The possibility exists to reduce pumping losses by throttle-free operation, along with closed-valve engine braking. However, further development is required to make the technology suitable for accept- ance into the mass production market. This paper investigates the application of multiobjective optimization techniques to the conflicting objective functions inherent in the operation of such a device. The techniques are utilized to derive the optimal force–displacement characteristic for the solenoid actuator, along with its controllability and dynamic/steady state performance
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