The Debt Crisis and Homeland-Diaspora Engagement in Portugal: Institutions, Remittances and Political Participation

Emigration has been a structural feature of the Portuguese society. Recognising that diasporas are increasingly considered agents of change, particularly in situations of economic or political crisis, Portugal has sought to strengthen economic, social and political ties with Portuguese citizens and their descendants living abroad. Building on the concept of critical juncture, this chapter explores the drivers of change of Portuguese diaspora policies, since the establishment of the democratic regime, aiming to assess the relative impact of the 2008 economic crisis on those policies and in affecting diaspora mobilisation and engagement with homeland. Our analysis focuses on the economic and political relationships, combining secondary data on remittances and the electoral participation rate of Portuguese emigrants, in the national elections, with a survey of emigrants who had left Portugal after 2000. Our findings indicate that with the economic crisis and the resulting great emigration wave, the economic and business approach of the diaspora-engagement policies gained relevance. This, however, appeared to have had limited impact on the volume of emigrants’ remittances while the level of political mobilisation of the Portuguese diaspora has remained relatively weak. Yet it is important to highlight the change in the electoral law in 2018 which broadened the electoral weight of the diaspora.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modes d’intégration dans trois quartiers pluri-ethniques de Lisbonne: analyse exploratoire

The role of urban neighbourhoods in social cohesion has been extensively debated in recent times, both in academic and political circles. This paper explores different modes of coexistence and neighbourhood embeddedness in three multi-ethnic neighbourhoods in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Using factor and cluster analysis, with data collected in a survey of the native and immigrant population and drawing upon complementary qualitative data from focus groups with key actors in each neighbourhood, five modes of neighbourhood embeddedness are identified. These modes serve to enhance our understanding of the nature of social interactions and social networks between and within groups. A geographical perspective is adopted incorporating possible effects relating to the characteristics of the neighbourhood as well as the socio-ethnic and demographic profiles of the respondents.Modos de integração em três bairros multi-étnicos de Lisboa. Uma análise exploratória. O papel dos bairros urbanos na coesão social tem sido extensivamente discutido, tanto em círculos académicos como políticos. Este artigo faz uma análise exploratória de diferentes modos de convivência e integração no local de residência em três bairros multi-étnicos da área metropolitana de Lisboa. Com base numa análise factorial e de clusters, de dados recolhidos num inquérito, a uma amostra aleatória da população nativa e de origem imigrante, complementada com informação qualitativa proveniente de grupos focais com actores-chave de cada bairro, identificaram-se cinco modos de integração e de relações sociais quotidianas, incluindo a ligação e a satisfação com o lugar. Estes resultados permitem compreender melhor a natureza das redes sociais dentro e fora do bairro e entre indivíduos do mesmo ou de outros grupos sociais e étnicos.Modes d’intégration dans trois quartiers pluri-ethniques de Lisbonne. Analyse exploratoire. Le rôle des quartiers urbains dans la cohésion sociale a déjà été largement discuté dans les cercles académiques et politiques. Cet article analyse différents modes de coexistence et d ‘intégration des résidents dans trois quartiers pluri- -ethniques de l’Aire Métropolitaine de Lisbonne. Cinq modes d’intégration et de relations sociales quotidiennes ont pu être identifiés, à partir d’une analyse factorielle (ACP) et de clusters (classification hiérarchique) utilisées pour traiter les données recueillies par questionnaire, présenté à un échantillon aléatoire de populations autochtones et immigrées. Ces analyses ont été complétées par des informations qualitatives, recueillies auprès d’acteurs-clés locaux, dans chaque quartier. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux comprendre la nature des réseaux sociaux inter et intra-groupe. On a aussi tenu compte des caractères géographiques et démographiques pouvant avoir un effet sur les comportements des habitants de ces quartiers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Family Migration

Family migration is the term used to categorise the international movement of people who migrate due to new or established family ties. People moving for family reasons constitute the largest group of migrants entering OECD countries, ahead of labour and humanitarian migration (OECD, 2017). The study of migrant families cuts across the available legal definitions of family and brings to light emerging forms of living together, gender roles, sexualities, kinship ties, and caregiving practices. This chapter selectively synthesises recent scholarship on family migration, providing insights on the institutionalisation of the field, outlining its approaches and methodologies, and highlighting emerging topics for future research. These include transnational families and how they stay in contact; separated families and deportation; the impact of family migration policies; marriage migration and multi-sited and longitudinal studies used in studying the transformation and diversification of family forms.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Connecting Places, Connecting to Place: Migrants’ Use of ICTs for Exploring Lisbon

This chapter provides an integrated understanding of the implications of the use of ICTs by migrant individuals as they explore the Mediterranean city. ICTs have proved crucial for the maintenance of long-distance familial arrangements, for the mobilisation of migrants’ social networks, and for managing remittances, but also for shaping migration decisions and the choice of destinations. Taking a different approach, we look at the ways migrants become aware of the city’s urban resources with the help of ICTs. To this end, we relied on a pilot study comprising in-depth encounters with middling migrants established in Lisbon between 2014 and 2019. Participants were also part of a four-week-long online focus group organised on WhatsApp where they shared ICT resources in “real time”, engaged in discussion among themselves, and responded to questions asked by the researchers. This chapter provides evidence that digital and urban resources are intertwined: that online navigation can actually shape the offline experience of using the city; and that the ways migrants portray the places they use – by posting, commenting, sharing, and leaving reviews online – add up to an ICT-supported imaginary of the city fed by residents, migrants, and other visitors alike.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Intégration de voisinage dans des villes Européennes Pluri--ethniques: résultats du projet GEITONIES

This special issue of Finisterra is based on the findings of the GEIT ONIES project, and intends to shed some light on questions relating to ethnic diversity, social relations and participation in urban settings. The research was conducted in 6 European cities: Lisbon, Bilbao, Thessaloniki Rotterdam, Vienna and Warsaw and the neighbourhood context was adopted as the field of research. A random survey was implemented to 3600 residents in 18 neighbourhoods in the six cities. The papers included in this special issue of Finisterra – Revista Portuguesa de Geografia, focus on processes of change and social relations at the neighbourhood level and stress the role of place and time in the development of positive inter-group contacts, representations and integration.Integração ao nível do bairro em cidades europeias multi-étnicas. Resultados do projecto GEITONIES . Este número especial da Revista Finisterra apresenta alguns resultados do projecto GEITONIES e tem como objectivo debater questões relacionadas com a diversidade étnica, as relações sociais e a participação cívica e política da população imigrante e não-imigrante em meios urbanos. A investigação decorreu em 6 cidades europeias: Lisboa, Bilbau, Salónica, Roterdão, Viena e Varsóvia, sendo o bairro a escala de análise adoptada para a investigação. Por conseguinte, efectuou-se um inquérito, aplicado a uma mostra aleatória de 3600 indivíduos (imigrantes e nativos) residentes em 18 bairros multiétnicos das seis cidades. Os artigos incluídos neste número especial da Finisterra – Revista Portuguesa de Geografia centram-se nos processos de mudança e nas relações sociais ao nível do bairro, e salientam o papel do lugar e do tempo no desenvolvimento de contactos interétnicos, de representações positivas e da integração nos territórios de residência.Intégration de voisinage dans des vill es Européennes Pluri- -ethniques. Résultats du projet GEITONIES . Ce numéro spécial de la revue Finisterra présente quelques résultats du projet GEITONIES qui a comme objectif de débattre des questions relatives à la diversité ethnique, aux relations sociales et à la participation civique et politique de populations immigrées et autochtones en milieu urbain. La recherche a eu lieu dans six villes Européennes: Bilbao, Lisbonne, Rotterdam, Salonique, Varsovie et Vienne. L’étude s’est déroulée à l’échelle du quartier. On a lancé une enquête par questionnaires qui a porté sur un échantillon aléatoire de 3600 individus (immigrés et autochtones), résidents de 18 quartiers pluri-ethniques des six villes concernées. Les articles de ce numéro spécial de Finisterra-Revista Portuguesa de Geografia sont principalement orientés sur les processus de changement des relations sociales au niveau du quartier. On s’y est soucié de l’environnement géographique et des périodes de contacts inter-ethniques qui peuvent jouer dans les représentations d’intégration de ces lieux de résidence et soulignent le rôle du lieu et du temps dans le développement de contacts inter-ethniques.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

EU and US approaches to the management of immigration: Portugal

The European Union and the United States are areas of immigration, and both are entities of multi-level governance facing the task of managing international migration. However, unlike the United States most European states do not consider immigration as a matter of national interest. In the US a regulated immigration system aims to enhance the benefits and minimise the drawbacks of immigration. The country’s bi-partisan immigration policy receives strong support from a wide variety of stakeholders. In Europe the emphasis is on immigration restriction and prevention, reflecting the position of most stakeholders that the costs of immigration outweigh its benefits. Immigration is a sensitive and sometimes controversial issue, as is demonstrated in recent elections in a number of European countries. On both sides of the Atlantic migration ranked high on the agenda throughout the nineties. Changes in the size and direction of migratory movements as a result of global developments, EU enlargement and NAFTA received a great deal of attention. The ways in which migration policies are designed and implemented were reviewed and underwent some important changes. In 1997, the US Commission on Immigration Reform presented its final report to Congress, proposing important changes in US immigration policies and management. In Europe the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty empowered the European Union’s institutions to act on migration, changing intergovernmental co-operation among member states into the development of joint policies on immigration and immigrant integration. A new debate emerged on the role of immigration to address economic and demographic imbalances. The events of September 11 did not in themselves have an impact on the foundations of immigration policies’ governance structures, or lead to changes in them, other than those already proposed. The events added, however, a range of other issues to the overall policy agenda (issues related to the fight against terrorism became a top priority) and the immigration agenda (where security issues became a priority). This resulted in a stagnation of the further development of immigration policies (the best example probably being the US- Mexico migration agreement) and in a refocusing of attention on countering the victimisation of immigrants and the straining of community relations. It is against this backdrop that MPG launched the project EU and US approaches to the management of immigration in an attempt to identify the main drivers of immigration management in EU and US systems of multi-level governance. Building on an understanding of how migration needs are assessed and translated into policy on the national or state level, the project focused on the way in which national or state governments promote their immigration related interests within the federation (in the case of the United States) and the Union (in the case of the European Union). How successful are the different entities in shaping common policies according to their needs? Do they consider centralisation (which the extension of EU powers suggests), or decentralisation (as the campaigns of some states for a greater say in immigration matters suggest) more useful for realising their immigration-related goals? The reports on fourteen EU Member States, three candidate countries and one associated state each have four chapters: • The first chapter reviews the (emerging) debates on migration and pays particular attention to the terms of the debate. It examines whether migration is debated in terms of control, security and restriction, or rather in terms of migration management and the assessment of migration needs. It asks whether the terms of the debate are different for different types of migrants, for instance irregular migrants vs. highly qualified migrants. The chapter analyses whether immigration has been linked with and embedded in larger discussions about social and economic policies for the future. In particular, it looks at the debates around the labour market and demography and considers whether and how immigration has been considered as an option for meeting emerging challenges in these areas. • The second chapter provides an inventory of stakeholders and an analysis of their activities. It gives a detailed account of who is responsible for which area of migration management in the different government departments. It also covers the activities of the various non-governmental organisations active in this field. The central question is which groups (within government, employers, trade unions, NGOs, academics and other experts) assess national migration needs, which instruments and mechanisms they use to make these assessments, and how they assert influence in the political decision-making process to translate these assessments into policies. • The third chapter provides an analysis of migration management in the areas covered by three of the most important Directives proposed by the European Commission (on admission for employment, family reunification1, and long-term residents). Rapporteurs compare the national legal framework with the proposed European measures, and assess the degree of convergence between the two. The chapter addresses each of the substantive points dealt with in the Commission’s proposals and sets out the corresponding national provisions, if such provisions exist under the current system. Recent and impending changes of national law are also examined, with a view to assessing whether immigration management rules are moving closer to or further away from the proposed European legislation. • The fourth chapter offers concluding remarks and evaluations by the rapporteurs. It addresses the Commission proposal for an Open Method of Co-ordination and considers whether such a mechanism would fit well with existing policy-making structures. Where appropriate, the chapter looks more closely at the proposed Guidelines and evaluates the degree to which they are already tackled in national policy. The impact of the European Employment Strategy on immigration management is also assessed. The fourth chapter also gives the rapporteurs an opportunity to make recommendations and to suggest alternative benchmarks for future debates and policy developments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio