Viral and Atypical Bacterial Detection in Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five Years

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. This study aimed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial causes of different severities and clinical manifestations of ARI in preschool children from low-income families in North-East Brazil.Clinical/demographic data and nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were prospectively collected from children <5 years presenting with ARI over one year to a paediatric A&E department. Disease severity was grouped according to presence of lower respiratory tract signs, need for hospital admission and need for oxygen. Clinical manifestation of ARI was based on discharge diagnosis from hospital with four conditions predominating: bronchiolitis, pneumonia, episodic viral wheeze/asthma and upper respiratory tract infection. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 17 common respiratory viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in NPA.407 children with a median age of eight months were recruited. Pathogens were detected in 85·5% samples with co-infection being particularly common (39·5%). Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV; 37%), Adenoviruses (AdV; 25%), Rhinoviruses (hRV; 19%), Bocavirus (hBoV; 19%), human Meta-pneumovirus (hMPV; 10%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mpp; 10%) were most prevalent. Detection and co-infection rates were similar in all severities and clinical manifestations of ARI apart from RSV, which was associated with more severe disease and specifically more severe cases of bronchiolitis, and Mpp, which was associated with more severe cases of pneumonia. Mpp was detected in 17% of children admitted to hospital with pneumonia.This study underlines the importance of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in ARI in pre-school children and highlights the complex epidemiology of these pathogens in this age group. Generally, viruses and atypical bacteria were detected in all severities and clinical manifestations of ARI but RSV and Mpp were associated with more severe cases of bronchiolitis and pneumonia respectively

Las encuestas nutricionales como herramienta para identificar hábitos alimentarios en los adultos

Fil: Pecora, R. P. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Pecora, R. P. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Pecora, R. P. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba. Área Epidemiología; Argentina.Fil: Nassetta, M. M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Borri, R. O. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: López, A. G. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Marín, M. A. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Yatchesen, M. A. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Romano Menard, D. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Glatstein, N. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba. Área Epidemiología; Argentina.Fil: Fonceca, V. S. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Gaido, M. N. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: López, N. R. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Los Estudios de Dieta Total han sido recomendados por la OMS para valorar los riesgos a la salud por la ingesta de alimentos. Estas evaluaciones se realizan calculando las ingestas de los nutrientes y las sustancias tóxicas presentes en los alimentos en función de la Dieta Media de la Población. Para esto lo mejor es realizar una “Encuesta Nutricional Recordatoria de 24 Horas” en donde se selecciona una población y se interroga sobre los consumos de alimentos de las 24 horas anteriores al día de la encuesta.http://www.efn.unc.edu.ar/departamentos/quimicaindustrial/CIEXIQ/Libro%20de%20actas_2014.pdfFil: Pecora, R. P. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Pecora, R. P. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Pecora, R. P. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba. Área Epidemiología; Argentina.Fil: Nassetta, M. M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Borri, R. O. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: López, A. G. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Marín, M. A. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Industrial y Aplicada; Argentina.Fil: Yatchesen, M. A. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Romano Menard, D. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Glatstein, N. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba. Área Epidemiología; Argentina.Fil: Fonceca, V. S. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: Gaido, M. N. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Fil: López, N. R. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto A. P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas; Argentina.Nutrición, Dietétic

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Binds and Undergoes Transcription in Neutrophils From the Blood and Airways of Infants With Severe Bronchiolitis

Background. Neutrophils are the predominant cell in the lung inflammatory infiltrate of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Although it has previously been shown that neutrophils from both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are activated, little is understood about their role in response to RSV infection. This study investigated whether RSV proteins and mRNA are present in neutrophils from blood and BAL of infected infants

Impaired innate interferon induction in severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children

Deficient type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ induction by rhinoviruses has previously been reported in mild/moderate atopic asthmatic adults. No studies have yet investigated if this occurs in severe therapy resistant asthma (STRA). Here, we show that compared with non-allergic healthy control children, bronchial epithelial cells cultured ex vivo from severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children have profoundly impaired interferon-β and interferon-λ mRNA and protein in response to rhinovirus (RV) and polyIC stimulation. Severe treatment resistant asthmatics also exhibited increased virus load, which negatively correlated with interferon mRNA levels. Furthermore, uninfected cells from severe therapy resistant asthmatic children showed lower levels of Toll-like receptor-3 mRNA and reduced retinoic acid inducible gene and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 mRNA after RV stimulation. These data expand on the original work, suggesting that the innate anti-viral response to RVs is impaired in asthmatic tissues and demonstrate that this is a feature of STRA

The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8(+) T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8(+) T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection

The potential of phage therapy in cystic fibrosis: Essential human-bacterial-phage interactions and delivery considerations for use in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected airways

As antimicrobial-resistant microbes become increasingly common and a significant global issue, novel approaches to treating these infections particularly in those at high risk are required. This is evident in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), who suffer from chronic airway infection caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria, typically Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One option is bacteriophage (phage) therapy, which utilises the natural predation of phage viruses upon their host bacteria. This review summarises the essential and unique aspects of the phage-microbe-human lung interactions in CF that must be addressed to successfully develop and deliver phage to CF airways. The current evidence regarding phage biology, phage-bacterial interactions, potential airway immune responses to phages, previous use of phages in humans and method of phage delivery to the lung are also summarised. © 2017 European Cystic Fibrosis Society

Accumulation mode particles and LPS exposure induce TLR-4 dependent and independent inflammatory responses in the lung

Background: Accumulation mode particles (AMP) are formed from engine combustion and make up the inhalable vapour cloud of ambient particulate matter pollution. Their small size facilitates dispersal and subsequent exposure far from their original source, as well as the ability to penetrate alveolar spaces and capillary walls of the lung when inhaled. A significant immuno-stimulatory component of AMP is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a product of Gram negative bacteria breakdown. As LPS is implicated in the onset and exacerbation of asthma, the presence or absence of LPS in ambient particulate matter (PM) may explain the onset of asthmatic exacerbations to PM exposure. This study aimed to delineate the effects of LPS and AMP on airway inflammation, and potential contribution to airways disease by measuring airway inflammatory responses induced via activation of the LPS cellular receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). Methods: The effects of nebulized AMP, LPS and AMP administered with LPS on lung function, cellular inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine responses were compared between wildtype mice and mice not expressing TLR-4. Results: The presence of LPS administered with AMP appeared to drive elevated airway resistance and sensitivity via TLR-4. Augmented TLR4 driven eosinophilia and greater TNF-α responses observed in AMP-LPS treated mice independent of TLR-4 expression, suggests activation of allergic responses by TLR4 and non-TLR4 pathways larger than those induced by LPS administered alone. Treatment with AMP induced macrophage recruitment independent of TLR-4 expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest AMP-LPS as a stronger stimulus for allergic inflammation in the airways then LPS alone.Medicine, Faculty ofNon UBCAnesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department ofReviewedFacult