A review of The Permeability, Fluid Flow, and Anatomy of Spruce (Picea SPP.)

This paper reviews the literature discussing some of the qualities and properties of spruce that characterize its refractory nature and influence its treatability. Topics discussed include a review of the permeability of spruce, fluid flow through wood, and the anatomy of spruce.Permeability and liquid flow through wood are discussed, with an emphasis on differences in flow between sapwood and heartwood and between earlywood and latewood. Literature covering the effects of reversing the direction of flow and decreases in flow with time are also reviewed. Permeability through earlywood and latewood was variable, with neither being more or less treatable than the other. Reversing the direction of flow through wood was shown to increase the rate of flow, which normally tapers off over time.Discussion of wood anatomy and the path of flow includes a review of longitudinal flow and transverse flow. Pit aspiration and the effects of surface tension, the rigidity of pit membrane, and the adhesion of the torus to pit border are also addressed

The Rms Framework of Academic Marketing Research Productivity

The goal of this dissertation is to provide a thorough grasp of exceptional academic marketing research productivity in the leading academic marketing journals (The Journal of Marketing, The Journal of Marketing Research, The Journal of Consumer Research, and Marketing Science). Producing strong academic marketing research in the leading journals benefits society, academic institutions and individual students and scholars. However, this task is difficult, success is rare, and competition is fierce for limited spots in each journal addition. This research will explore three research questions that deal with accomplishing the task of publication in a leading marketing journal: 1. How do resources acquired from Ph.D. training, academic affiliation, and academic collaborations impact academic marketing research productivity? 2. How does intrinsic motivation impact academic marketing research productivity? 3. How does a strategy utilizing cosmopolitan collaboration impact academic marketing research productivity? To tackle these questions, this dissertation will develop a conceptual structure including Resources, Motivation, and Strategy, known as the RMS framework. This framework will benefit academic researchers and department chairs looking to increase publication performance in top academic marketing journals. In line with the second and third research questions, the second objective is to develop a managerially focused v framework and propositions that are needed for RMS adoption considerations. This study may make an important theoretical contribution to the field of marketing via creation of the RMS framework. Based on a thorough review of literature, this dissertation develops a definition of RMS. This research then integrates relevant factors that influence adoption of RMS by individuals to propose a conceptual framework and five hypotheses. This dissertation empirically tests the five hypotheses using data collected from a questionnaire, then analysis using multiple regression and binary logistic regression and then presents findings. Finally, after collecting data and analysis of the results this dissertation provides conclusions, theoretical implications, managerial implications, limitations, and avenues for future research

Niche separation between different functional types of mixoplankton: results from NPZ-style N-based model simulations

Protist plankton comprise phytoplankton (incapable of phagotrophy), protozooplankton (incapable of phototrophy) and mixoplankton (capable of phototrophy and phagotrophy). Of these, only phytoplankton and zooplankton are typically described in models. Over the last decade, however, the importance of mixoplankton across all marine biomes has risen to prominence. We thus need descriptions of mixoplankton within marine models. Here we present a simple yet flexible N-based model describing any one of the five basic patterns of protist plankton: phytoplankton, protozooplankton, and the three functional groups of mixoplankton: general non-constitutive mixoplankton (GNCM), specialist non-constitutive mixoplankton (SNCM), and constitutive mixoplankton (CM). By manipulation of a few input switch values, the same model can be used to describe any of these patterns, while adjustment of salient features, such as the percent of C-fixation required for mixotrophic growth, and the rate of phototrophic prey ingestion required to enable growth of GNCM and SNCM types, readily provides fine tuning. Example outputs are presented showing how the performance of these different protist configurations accords with expectations (set against empirical evidence). Simulations demonstrate clear niche separations between these protist functional groups according to nutrient, prey and light resource availabilities. This addition to classic NPZ plankton models provides for the exploration of the implications of mixoplankton activity in a simple yet robust fashion.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles

Current evidence demonstrates that astronauts experience sleep loss and circadian desynchronization during spaceflight. Ground-based evidence demonstrates that these conditions lead to reduced performance, increased risk of injuries and accidents, and short and long-term health consequences. Many of the factors contributing to these conditions relate to the habitability of the sleep environment. Noise, inadequate temperature and airflow, and inappropriate lighting and light pollution have each been associated with sleep loss and circadian misalignment during spaceflight operations and on Earth. As NASA prepares to send astronauts on long-duration, deep space missions, it is critical that the habitability of the sleep environment provide adequate mitigations for potential sleep disruptors. We conducted a comprehensive literature review summarizing optimal sleep hygiene parameters for lighting, temperature, airflow, humidity, comfort, intermittent and erratic sounds, and privacy and security in the sleep environment. We reviewed the design and use of sleep environments in a wide range of cohorts including among aquanauts, expeditioners, pilots, military personnel and ship operators. We also reviewed the specifications and sleep quality data arising from every NASA spaceflight mission, beginning with Gemini. Finally, we conducted structured interviews with individuals experienced sleeping in non-traditional spaces including oil rig workers, Navy personnel, astronauts, and expeditioners. We also interviewed the engineers responsible for the design of the sleeping quarters presently deployed on the International Space Station. We found that the optimal sleep environment is cool, dark, quiet, and is perceived as safe and private. There are wide individual differences in the preferred sleep environment; therefore modifiable sleeping compartments are necessary to ensure all crewmembers are able to select personalized configurations for optimal sleep. A sub-optimal sleep environment is tolerable for only a limited time, therefore individual sleeping quarters should be designed for long-duration missions. In a confined space, the sleep environment serves a dual purpose as a place to sleep, but also as a place for storing personal items and as a place for privacy during non-sleep times. This need for privacy during sleep and wake appears to be critically important to the psychological well-being of crewmembers on long-duration missions