2,913 research outputs found
Development of reclaimed potable water quality criteria
In order to minimize launch requirements necessary to meet the demands of long-term spaceflight, NASA will reuse water reclaimed from various on-board sources including urine, feces, wash water and humidity condensate. Development of reclamation systems requires the promulgation of water quality standards for potable reuse of the reclaimed water. Existing standards for domestic U.S. potable water consumption were developed, but do not consider the peculiar problems associated with the potable reuse of recycled water. An effort was made to: (1) define a protocol by which comprehensive reclaimed water potability/palatability criteria can be established and updated; and (2) continue the effort to characterize the organic content of reclaimed water in the Regenerative Life Support Evaluation
Theoretical description of a DNA-linked nanoparticle self-assembly
Nanoparticles tethered with DNA strands are promising building blocks for
bottom-up nanotechnology, and a theoretical understanding is important for
future development. Here we build on approaches developed in polymer physics to
provide theoretical descriptions for the equilibrium clustering and dynamics,
as well as the self-assembly kinetics of DNA-linked nanoparticles. Striking
agreement is observed between the theory and molecular modeling of DNA tethered
nanoparticles.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter
Structural Properties of Two-Dimensional Polymers
We present structural properties of two-dimensional polymers as far as they
can be described by percolation theory. The percolation threshold, critical
exponents and fractal dimensions of clusters are determined by computer
simulation and compared to the results of percolation theory. We also describe
the dependence of the typical cluster structures on the reaction rate.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX with RevTeX and epsf styles and PostScript figures
included (uuencoded shell archive), TVP-93051
Effects of Kinks on DNA Elasticity
We study the elastic response of a worm-like polymer chain with reversible
kink-like structural defects. This is a generic model for (a) the
double-stranded DNA with sharp bends induced by binding of certain proteins,
and (b) effects of trans-gauche rotations in the backbone of the
single-stranded DNA. The problem is solved both analytically and numerically by
generalizing the well-known analogy to the Quantum Rotator. In the small
stretching force regime, we find that the persistence length is renormalized
due to the presence of the kinks. In the opposite regime, the response to the
strong stretching is determined solely by the bare persistence length with
exponential corrections due to the ``ideal gas of kinks''. This high-force
behavior changes significantly in the limit of high bending rigidity of the
chain. In that case, the leading corrections to the mechanical response are
likely to be due to the formation of multi-kink structures, such as kink pairs.Comment: v1: 16 pages, 7 figures, LaTeX; submitted to Physical Review E; v2: a
new subsection on soft kinks added to section Theory, sections Introduction
and Conclusions expanded, references added, other minor changes; v3: a
reference adde
Simplified Onsager theory for isotropic-nematic phase equilibria of length polydisperse hard rods
Polydispersity is believed to have important effects on the formation of
liquid crystal phases in suspensions of rod-like particles. To understand such
effects, we analyse the phase behaviour of thin hard rods with length
polydispersity. Our treatment is based on a simplified Onsager theory, obtained
by truncating the series expansion of the angular dependence of the excluded
volume. We describe the model and give the full phase equilibrium equations;
these are then solved numerically using the moment free energy method which
reduces the problem from one with an infinite number of conserved densities to
one with a finite number of effective densities that are moments of the full
density distribution. The method yields exactly the onset of nematic ordering.
Beyond this, results are approximate but we show that they can be made
essentially arbitrarily precise by adding adaptively chosen extra moments,
while still avoiding the numerical complications of a direct solution of the
full phase equilibrium conditions.
We investigate in detail the phase behaviour of systems with three different
length distributions: a (unimodal) Schulz distribution, a bidisperse
distribution and a bimodal mixture of two Schulz distributions which
interpolates between these two cases. A three-phase isotropic-nematic-nematic
coexistence region is shown to exist for the bimodal and bidisperse length
distributions if the ratio of long and short rod lengths is sufficiently large,
but not for the unimodal one. We systematically explore the topology of the
phase diagram as a function of the width of the length distribution and of the
rod length ratio in the bidisperse and bimodal cases.Comment: 18 pages, 16 figure
Asymptotic behavior of the entropy of chains placed on stripes
By using the transfer matrix approach, we investigate the asymptotic behavior
of the entropy of flexible chains with monomers each placed on stripes. In
the limit of high density of monomers, we study the behavior of the entropy as
a function of the density of monomers and the width of the stripe, inspired by
recent analytical studies of this problem for the particular case of dimers
(M=2). We obtain the entropy in the asymptotic regime of high densities for
chains with monomers, as well as for the special case of polymers,
where , and find that the results show a regular behavior similar
to the one found analytically for dimers. We also verify that in the
low-density limit the mean-field expression for the entropy is followed by the
results from our transfer matrix calculations
Fractal dimension of domain walls in the Edwards-Anderson spin glass model
We study directly the length of the domain walls (DW) obtained by comparing
the ground states of the Edwards-Anderson spin glass model subject to periodic
and antiperiodic boundary conditions. For the bimodal and Gaussian bond
distributions, we have isolated the DW and have calculated directly its fractal
dimension . Our results show that, even though in three dimensions
is the same for both distributions of bonds, this is clearly not the case for
two-dimensional (2D) systems. In addition, contrary to what happens in the case
of the 2D Edwards-Anderson spin glass with Gaussian distribution of bonds, we
find no evidence that the DW for the bimodal distribution of bonds can be
described as a Schramm-Loewner evolution processes.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in PR
Exponential distributions of collective flow-event properties in viscous liquid dynamics
We study the statistics of flow events in the inherent dynamics in
supercooled two- and three-dimensional binary Lennard-Jones liquids.
Distributions of changes of the collective quantities energy, pressure and
shear stress become exponential at low temperatures, as does that of the event
"size" . We show how the -distribution controls the
others, while itself following from exponential tails in the distributions of
(1) single particle displacements , involving a Lindemann-like length
and (2) the number of active particles (with ).Comment: Accepter version (PRL
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Glass Transition
The principal theme of this paper is that anomalously slow, super-Arrhenius
relaxations in glassy materials may be activated processes involving chains of
molecular displacements. As pointed out in a preceding paper with A. Lemaitre,
the entropy of critically long excitation chains can enable them to grow
without bound, thus activating stable thermal fluctuations in the local density
or molecular coordination of the material. I argue here that the intrinsic
molecular-scale disorder in a glass plays an essential role in determining the
activation rate for such chains, and show that a simple disorder-related
correction to the earlier theory recovers the Vogel-Fulcher law in three
dimensions. A key feature of this theory is that the spatial extent of
critically long excitation chains diverges at the Vogel-Fulcher temperature. I
speculate that this diverging length scale implies that, as the temperature
decreases, increasingly large regions of the system become frozen and do not
contribute to the configurational entropy, and thus ergodicity is partially
broken in the super-Arrhenius region above the Kauzmann temperature . This
partially broken ergodicity seems to explain the vanishing entropy at and
other observed relations between dynamics and thermodynamics at the glass
transition.Comment: 20 pages, no figures, some further revision
Universal Formulae for Percolation Thresholds
A power law is postulated for both site and bond percolation thresholds. The
formula writes , where is the space
dimension and the coordination number. All thresholds up to are found to belong to only three universality classes. For first two
classes for site dilution while for bond dilution. The last one
associated to high dimensions is characterized by for both sites and
bonds. Classes are defined by a set of value for . Deviations
from available numerical estimates at are within and
for high dimensional hypercubic expansions at . The
formula is found to be also valid for Ising critical temperatures.Comment: 11 pages, latex, 3 figures not include
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